Mental Health and Social Inclusion

Title: An examination of social exclusion policy and its effect on adults of a working age with serious mental health problems To begin, this essay will briefly define the term social exclusion and its historical background. It will then move on to the political history of social exclusion in the United Kingdom. Particularly the essay will focus on the reasons behind unemployment, and the resulting effect of excluding people from society.The policies around employment and the benefit system will be discussed in some detail, and their consequences on working age adults, including those with serious long term mental health issues. The French socialist government termed the phrase ‘social exclusion’ in the 1980’s; it was used to define a group of people living on the edge of society whom did not have access to the system of social insurance (Room, 1995 citied in Percy-Smith 2000). The concept of social exclusion has been defined in many different ways since then.The European commission defines social exclusion as referring to the â€Å"multiple and changing factors resulting in people being excluded from the normal exchanges, practices and rights of modern society† (Commission of the European Communities, 1993 quoted in Percy-Smith 2000 p. 3). This was a move away from using the term underclass in the UK, which was not an acceptable phrase to some, as it was more related to poverty (Lavallette et al, 2001). The term social exclusion pointed at a much more complicated problem rather than just money, if you were excluded something or someone was excluding you and that could be sorted out.Although for some this new phrase just represented a ‘new’ form of the word poverty (Room, 1995 citied in Lavallette). In the UK the New Labour government set up the interdepartmental social exclusion unit in 1997 (Percy-Smith, 2000). Its aims were to â€Å"to find joined-up solutions to the joined-up problems of social exclusion† (No10 Website, 2004). The social exclusion task force works within a number of government departments such as work and pension, children school and family and the ministry of justice (No10 Website, 2004)The social exclusion unit published a series of reports in 1997 that criticised the way both central and local government had failed deprived groups and areas (Batty, 2002). It found that deprived area’s had fewer basic services such as GP surgeries and that little effort had been made to reintegrate some who had been excluded through unemployment (Batty, 2002). Unemployment is seen as one of the main causes of social exclusion (Percy-Smith, 2000). Being unemployed can have serious effects on a person’s confidence, sense of purpose and motivation (Percy-Smith, 2000).The person who works is seen as a full citizen, paying tax and contributing to society (Baldock et al, 1999). Unemployment can also be linked to mental health; a person is twice as likely to suffer from depressio n if they are not working. (Department of health, 1999). The period since the 1960’s saw a distinct decline in the British manufacturing industry leading to a shift in the type of work available, the service sector and office based jobs replaced the manual jobs and altered the pattern of demand in the labour market. Baldock et al, 1999) The unemployment rate for semi skilled / unskilled workers if four times that compared to managerial / professional workers (Percy-Smith, 2000). Those people who live in area’s with low demand for low skilled workers are highly likely to be unemployed for a very long time, leading to a near permanence in exclusion from the labour market (Percy-Smith, 2000). Welfare to work policies were the answer from the Labour government in 1997, `They set out plans to encourage people back into the labour market.Labour came up with the New Deal family of policies. These where aimed at specific groups. For example young people, adults and new deal fo r people with a disability (Percy-Smith, 2000). One of the results of this policy was to create Job centre plus from a merger of the Employment Service and the Benefits Agency. (Hoben, no date given) The Tories previously had set up the job seekers allowance, which had changed the Insurance-based unemployment benefit. (Baldock et al, 1999).With this allowance you had to prove you were actively seeking employment or you would not get your allowance. People who became unemployed would have to go for an initial interview where an adviser prepares an action plan, then short interviews are conducted every two weeks to review the claimants success at gaining new employment and to look at new job vacancies (Percy-Smith, 2000). New deal gateway is aimed at 18 – 24 year olds who had been out of work for 6 months. This offers subsidised work experience within the voluntary sector or with an employer with a ? 0 a week incentive. Also full time education/training is offered to those who did not have sufficient qualifications up the recognized NVQ level two. Young people also have an allocated personal advisor who offers assistance around job seeking, careers advice and in some circumstances drugs/homelessness advice (Percy-Smith, 2000). Anyone who refuses to take up these incentives will have their benefit cut. As Gordon Brown put it (the then Chancellor of the Exchequer) there will be no option â€Å"to stay at home in bed and watch television† (Baldock et al, 1999 p149).For people aged twenty five and above who have been on job seekers allowance for over six months then become eligible for a different set of measures, before becoming eligible for the ‘New Deal’. This is called ‘restart’. Work trials are offered as well as help with interview techniques and CV’s writing skills. After twelve months if the individual has not found work they attend a five-day ‘job plan workshop’ to assess the individuals job prospe cts. This happens again at eighteen months. If after two years they are still unemployed this is when ‘New Deal’ applies. New Deal’ offers training grants as well as an employment credit similar to that of the new deal gateway of sixty pounds a week and the benefit of a personal advisor. The budget for this was ? 250 million for the three years between 1999 and 2002 (Percy-Smith, 2000) It can be argued that jobseekers allowance forces people back to work or forces them to appear to be looking for work in a desperate attempt to keep their benefit. It can be seen as punitive (Percy-Smith, 2000) and with no option to opt out, and it does not actually increase the amount of jobs available.Without the creation of a sufficient number of jobs, people may lose their benefit, though not through lack of trying (Baldock et al, 1999). Also critics have commented on the cost of the new deal strategy with some say this money could be better used creating more jobs. (Percy-Smit h, 2000) Other arguments against new deal look at the timescale difference between the young people and adult services, it cost a lot less to intervene early when someone becomes unemployed so why wait for two years in the case of the adult new deal. (Percy-Smith, 2000).The new deal policy has been quite effective, particularly at getting young people back into the labour market. However, for people with long term significant mental health problems finding paid work can be very difficult. (Layard, 2005) If social exclusion can be linked to unemployment then for people with mental health issues they are excluded by default, with not only unemployment but with the social stigma associated with their mental health difficulties (Layard, 2005). â€Å"There are now more mentally ill people on incapacity benefit than there are unemployed people on jobseekers allowance† (Layard, 2005 p1).Evidence suggests that work can be very therapeutic for people with mental health problems, but i t seems doctors are sceptical about their patients finding and holding down jobs. (Layard, 2005) The problem gets worse the longer the person is on benefits, and as time passes social isolation increases and motivation decreases (Layard, 2005). Ninety percent of people on incapacity benefit say they would like to return to work but would find it very hard to find a job that pays as much as the benefit they receive (Layard, 2005).However, it has been an underlying trend in welfare policy that low paid work should always be the better option than state handouts. This goes way back to the poor law of 1832 where the workhouse provided the last option for very poor families, providing food and shelter for the exchange of labour. For most of those who lived in these workhouses life expectancy significantly dropped upon entering these desperate places (Higginbotham, 2008). In current times, however, sacrificing benefits and returning to work may mean a compromise in quality of life.People receiving incapacity benefit may also claim housing benefit, council tax benefit, free prescriptions and discretionary loans from the social fund to buy large more expensive items (Alcock, 2003). With all this help in place it is quite easy to see why people with a mental illness are unlikely to want to go back to full time employment and run the risk of losing money. This is known as the benefit trap. There is another problem, people who have been on benefits for a long time lack the right qualifications to join the labour market (Dummigan, 2007), increasing social exclusion.If a mentally ill person wanted to find a job but had little or no skills, the choices are very narrow normally leading to a low wage job, again making it unlikely for the individual to want to come off his/her benefits (Dummigan, 2007). The government has tried to rectify this problem by offering further incentives to get people back to work, such as disability tax credits that offer a tax break should some on e find work but there is limited awareness of the financial incentives to return to work (Percy-Smith, 2000).Pathways to work is a recent government initiative with the aim of getting the recipients of incapacity benefit back to work, the claimant will have to take a personal capability assessment which is used to determine whether or not the person is eligable for the benefit, but will focus on â€Å"what the customer can do rather than what they cant† (Department of work and pensions, 2007).A mandatory work focused interview will also take place eight weeks after making the intial claim followed by a screening tool to establish who will have to have more work focused interviews and those who will be exempt from further manditory participation (Department of work and pensions, 2007). Pathways to work will offer a range of programmes to support the â€Å"customer† in preparing for work with a fourty pounds a week incentive or credit for twelve months if their salary is below fifteen thousand pounds a year (Department of work and pensions, 2007).Pathways to work is currently operating in fourty percent of the country. In an interesting move, the remaining sixty percent of pathway to work providers will be from the public sector leading to critism that the government is privatising the welfare system. The government's chief welfare to work adviser, David Freud, said recently: â€Å"I worked out that it is economically rational to spend up to sixty thousand pounds on getting the average person on incapacity benefit into work, somebody will see a gap in the market and make their fortune. † (Quoted in Vaux, 2008).Some voluntary sector organizations have criticized the rather aggressive approach taken by the public sector organizations in winning the contracts, and feel that the voluntary sector would be in a better position to deliver the contracts (Vaux, 2008). Mind charity has criticized the pathways to work initiative stating it â€Å"place s all the emphasis on the individual to find work†, yet, it said  there  was no obligation on employers to actively recruit people with mental health problems. It would also seem that if you disclose to an employer that you have a mental health problem you are more likely to be sacked before your sane colleagues.Also there is a lack of support in the work place for mental health sufferers, which lead to higher sickness rate, which in turn puts off employers recruiting future pathways to work employees (Lombard, 2008). In the recent action plan on social exclusion â€Å"Reaching out† the government recognizes the need for encouragement in the workplace for recruiting people with mental health issues and supports employer based anti-stigma campaigns. It also states that the government alone cannot address social exclusion, and that the wider community has a role to play.But most of all, the individual must want progress for themselves and those around them (Reaching O ut, 2008). In the last five years mental health services have improved greatly (Layard, 2005) Better treatment and early intervention have empowered people to control their own lives, but though these services have improved the medical condition, mentally ill people still suffer from exclusion from society. The association with dependency that being on benefits brings leads to a segregation (Percy-Smith, 2000). In conclusion, social exclusion is a far reaching problem and not an easy task to overcome.Evidence suggests that the government still identifies the problem with unemployment and poverty, and has taken a great deal of measures in providing policies that aim to get people back into the work place. Unfortunately for some, as has been shown, work is not always a viable or the best option, and people who fall under this category may stay on the boundaries of society due to no fault of their own, or be forced into working at the detriment of their health. The changes around the i ncapacity benefit rules may leave some people worse off than when on benefits and this may increase the chances of a relapse in mental ealth issues, which in turn will make them less employable, continuing the cycle of social exclusion. As we enter another recession and unemployment rises again, this is likely to be a huge focus, and the government will have to rethink existing policies around unemployment. Those who are recently unemployed must be given sufficient support to regain employment to avoid falling into the benefit trap in order to avoid the danger of becoming socially excluded. Bibliography Alcock, P (2003) Social policy in Britain, Basingstoke, PalgraveBaldock J, Manning N, Miller S & Vickerstaff S (1999) Social Policy. Oxford University press, Oxford Lavalette,M & Pratt A (2001) Social Policy a conceptual and theoretical introduction. Sage publications London Percy-Smith, J (2000) Policy responses to social exclusion. Open university press. Oxford Batty, D (2002) Soci al exclusion: the issue explained (Online), available at http://www. guardian. co. uk/society/2002/jan/15/socialexclusion1 (accessed on 28/10/08) Department for work and pensions, (2008) Pathways to work process. (Online) Available at http://www. dwp. gov. k/welfarereform/pathways_process. asp (accessed on 5/12/08) Department of health, (1999) National service framework for mental health, modern standards and service models. (Online) available at http://www. dh. gov. uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_4009598 (accessed on 1/12/08) Dummigan, G (2007) The benefit trap. (Online) available at http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/programmes/politics_show/6403329. stm (accessed on 4/12/08) Higginbotham, P (2008) Poor laws (Online) available from http://www. workhouses. org. uk(accessed on 4/12/08)Hoban,M & Thomas, J (No date given) DW response to welfare to work – discussion paper. (Online) available at http://www. voicefromthewheelchair. co. uk/ pages/dw-response-to-welfare-to-work (accessed on 1/12/08) Layard, R (2005) Mental health: Britain’s biggest social problem? (Online) Available from http://cep. lse. ac. uk/textonly/research/mentalhealth/RL414d. pdf (accessed on 1/12/08) Lombard, D (2008) The replacement of incapacity benefit. (Online), available at http://www. communitycare. co. uk/Articles/2008/10/27/109795/incapacity-benefit-reform-will-leave-some-disabled-people-worse-off. tml (accessed on 5/12/08) Reaching out, (2006) An action plan on social exclusion (Online), available from http://www. cabinetoffice. gov. uk/media/cabinetoffice/social_exclusion_task_force/assets/reaching_out/chapter1. pdf (accessed on 28/10/08) Social exclusion trends show success (2004) Online, available from http://www. number10. gov. uk/page5544 (accessed on 28/10/08) Vaux, G (2008). Pathways to work, to help those unfit for work. (Online), available at http://www. communitycare. co. uk/Articles/Article. aspx? liArticleID=107551&Pr interFriendly=true (accessed on 1/12/08)

Literary Criticism Paper

An archetype Is a reoccurring pattern of Images, symbols, or a situation. The hero archetype Is one who tries to fulfill a necessary task and tries to restore Justice to a society. The hero will commonly go through the hero's journey in search for truth and information on restoring Justice to a society. All archetypal heroes share certain characteristics. In 1984, by George Orwell, Winston follows the hero's cycle because there is nothing told of his childhood, he looses favor with the Party, and Winston is not burled after all.Throughout the book ‘We are told nothing of his holding† (Garry 1 1 ) besides the few memories or dreams he shares with Julia or himself. After waking up crying one morning, Winston shares a memory of his childhood Tijuana; he recalls the time him and his sister and mother spent most of their days in underground shelters, hiding from air raids. Many times, Winston and his family went without food. From starving one day, Winston stole chocolate from his mother and sister and ran away, never seeing them again.Winston constantly dreams about his mother and Is convinced he murdered her because he stole her chocolate and left her there to starve. However, his subconscious Is his only road to the truth. Although the reader is given small memories on his childhood â€Å"nothing remained of his childhood except a series of bright-lit tableaux occurring against no background and mostly unintelligible† (Orwell, 3). Implying, the reader is not really told anything of his childhood besides the subconscious memories and few unclear images In 1984, the God Is represented through Big Brother.This Is true because Big Brother Is perceived as the ruler of Oceania and he Is a very high figure to the people. Big Brother's face is constantly being broadcasted and he is even stamped on he coins. Thus, Winston â€Å"Later loses favor with the gods and/or his subjects† (11) by wanting to do many rebellious acts and hateful thoughts. Fo r example, Winston begins to have sex with Julia, which was only, â€Å"a blow struck against the Party† (126).Implying there was no true emotion towards Julia and Winston and Julia only had sex to rebel against the Party because having sex Is a major crime In Oceania. Also, Winston looses his support towards the Party shown when he wrote â€Å"Down with Big Brother† in his diary. Again, signifying his hatred towards the society and writes to mind people of the better times in Oceania and writes about what it used to be and what it can still become. Towards the end of the book Winston and Julia are surrounded by troops of the Thought Police.From there Winston is taken to the horrid Room 101 where he Is tortured. Room 101 holds the person's greatest fear and for Winston It Is rats. As the rats come closer to his face he yells, â€Å"Do It to Julia! Do It to Julia! Not me! Julia! I don't care what you do to her. Tear her face off strip her to the bones. Not me! Julia! N ot me! † (286). It is here Winston betrayals Julia and fully egging to believe and love Big Brother and the Party. Winston did not only betrayal Julia, but he also abandons himself.Winston follows the hero cycle because â€Å"His body is not buried, but nevertheless† (1 1 Meaning the Ministry of Love broke and tortured his mind and will and mentally killed him but Winston Is still physically living. Hang out with Julia. However, he is essentially a slave because he cannot express any of his own feelings of rebellion, including to himself in the privacy of his mind. Winston was a very mentally strong character who understood the corrupt world he ivies in while nobody else does.During the beginning of the book he does not find any pleasure in Big Brother and as the story progresses he starts to love Big Brother. His goal is to change society's means and gain the freedom of thought back. However, he is a bizarre hero because he is middle-aged, has an average intelligence, and is very weak. He is a hero, although, with different heroic characteristics. Finally he is a hero because, Winston childhood is a mystery, his support for the Party is lost, and he becomes a walking slave for the Party and Big Brother.

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Human Resource Management - Assignment Example nvolved (A Managers Responsibility and Liability in Health and Safety, 2008) Having an effective leadership team and effective workforce management will help the organization in protecting and safeguarding the interest of the employees. The indispensable and critical principles are- An effective leadership management team who play an active role towards assimilating strong health and safety management. Workforce involvement in promoting and achieving high safety conditions in work environment Frequent follow-ups, monitoring, and reviewing the performance of the safety measures (Health safety executive, n.d) Effects of poor health and safety measures- In 2006, approximately 30 million working days were lost due to poor health conditions and physical injuries to the employees. Approximately 200 employees are killed each year due to poor and negligent health and safety measures at work places in companies Many employees reported each year with respiratory diseases and cancers due to occ upational illness (Health safety executive, n.d) Benefits of good health measures: Reduced cost and reduced risks Low employee turnover and employee absence which improves productivity indirectly Corporate responsibility among clients, partners Do you think managers should be held liable for health and safety violations? Protecting the health and safety of the employees should be one of the main focuses of the risk management team in any organization. Health and Safety plays an integral and fundamental part of the organization’s success. Management, board members and the leadership team who do not show any focus in this area would never be able to achieve the highest achievement of health and safety management and should be penalized. Failure on the part of the management to incorporate... This essay focuses on the analysis of the Human Resources department, that usually helps in organizing and deals with any issues related to compensation, safety, policies, wellness settlement, general administration, training and development. The researcher mentiones that they are also expected to add value to the employees. Health and safety law basically safeguard the welfare of employees and the general public. This law holds the person, company or organization liable for any employee injured through accident at work or death of any employee. The Health and safety team can execute a criminal prosecution against the company, which may result in penalty or imprisonment against the company management and human resources department. The affected employee can also seek for damages in the civil court. The role of the human resource team should have a health and safety program clearly defined and stated. Some of the areas that human resources should examine and supervise are management a nd employee training on health and Safety measures to prevent work related injuries and illnesses and ensuring workplace safety culture is being driven to ensure safety of the employees working onsite. The researcher then concludes that having an effective Health and Safety department has become very important from a commercial and a governmental viewpoint of the company. Many high profile safety negligence cases over the last few years have been mostly caused by bad management team in the company.

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The Role of Public Relations Companies in the Wars Article

The Role of Public Relations Companies in the Wars - Article Example This essay declares that one public relations firm by the name Hill and Knowlton played a unique role in this respect. The PR firm produced several video clips that cost well beyond 500 million US dollars, and free airtime worth tens of millions of US dollars. The video news releases (VNRs) were presented to viewers by various TV stations across the world. Little was known at this time that the public relations company behind these releases was run by Kuwaitis (What Really Happened nd). Instead of real journalism, innocent viewers were actually presented with well crafted propaganda in the form of news stories and footage. It was only after the war ended that the truth behind the releases came to be revealed. In fact, it was later noted that the more the people watched these releases the less they knew the facts about the war as they were. During the public relations campaigns, the Wirthlin Group engaged members of the public daily in opinion polls with an aim of helping Hill & Knowl ton play to the highest with the people’s emotions. This paper makes a conclusion that public relations firms have been used to garner support for war or to present concerned parties in good light. In spite of the massive support some organizations receive based on the PR activities that they enjoy, some of the information provided to the public is pure propaganda and cannot face the light of truth.

Social Media Coordinator Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

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Finance - Research Paper Example Nevertheless, only specific generally accepted accounting principles apply in the health sector where they define how healthcare entities prepare their financial statements (Kramer, 2014). As such, this paper will only address the principle of creditworthiness, disclosing assets and liabilities, establishing financial stability, and bargaining power, which have a direct relationship with health care (Richards, 2014). I will describe each of the named principle, define its intention, and relate it to health care. Creditworthiness is a generally accepted accounting principle that applies in health care. This principle compels accounting officers to compare the reference business with other businesses within the same industry (Richards, 2014). This comparison may relate to the profitability of the business, revenues, operating costs, market position, and assets and liabilities. By comparing the reference business with other businesses in the same industry, this principle seeks to establish the performance of the reference business with respect to the performance of the industry. This helps in determining the credit worthiness of the reference business in comparison with other businesses in the same industry. This principle is applicable in the health sector in that it allows insurance agents and financial institutions that provide services to the health aid business to compare this business with other businesses in the health and medical industry with an aim of establishing its creditworthines s (Richards, 2014). This helps in measuring the financial strength of a business or organization in the health sector. Indeed, this principle helps in comparing the revenues of different companies in the health sector. Through this principle, we can establish the projected revenues in the health sector, which defines creditworthiness. Establishing financial stability is another generally accepted

Theoretical Model Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Theoretical Model Analysis - Assignment Example Lydia Eloise Hall was born in New York City on September 21, 1906 (Currentnursing.com, 2012); she received her basic nursing education in 1927, her Bachelors in Public Health Nursing in 1937, and her Masters in teaching Natural Sciences in 1942 (Banda, Amadasun, Angoma & Howe, 2009). Lydia Hall established and directed the Loeb Center for Nursing and Rehabilitation at Montefiore Hospital in the Bronx from 1963 to 1969 (ANA, 2013). It was at the Loeb Center for Nursing and Rehabilitation in the late 1960’s that Hall developed her theory, known as Care, Core, and Cure. â€Å"She postulated that individuals could be conceptualized in three separate domains: the body (care), the illness (cure), and the person (core)† (Nurses.info, 2010). These separate domains, or aspects of the person as a patient were envisioned as overlapping circles, and that each circle influenced the others. Hall stated that â€Å"Everyone in the health professions either neglects or takes into consi deration any or all of these, but each profession, to be a profession, must have an exclusive area of expertness with which it practices, creates new practices, new theories, and introduces newcomers to its practice† (Parker, p. 117). ... s exclusive to nursing, and while nurses played a part in the other two circles, they shared those circles with other professions and the patient themselves. The core aspect of the theory focuses on the patient themselves, and the relationship that the professionals who are working with the patient have with the patient themselves. Nurses share this circle with all of the helping professions that have a relationship with the patient; it emphasizes â€Å"the social, emotional, spiritual, and intellectual needs of the patient in relation to family, institution, community, and the world† (Nursing Theories, 2013). Essentially, the core aspect helps the patient learn what their role is in the healing process, and works to provide the patient with enough information to be able to make an informed decision in regards to their situation. The care aspect of the theory focuses on the hands on bodily care of the patient, and is considered by Hall to be exclusive to the nursing practice. It is comprised of the teaching and learning activities, and the patient may explore and share their feelings with the nurse; the nurse’s goal is to comfort the patient. It is considered to† include the â€Å"motherly† aspects of care, which comprises of helping the patient meet their needs, where help is needed.† â€Å"Hands on care for patients produces an environment of comfort and trust and promotes open communication between nurses and patients† (Nursing Theories, 2013). The third and final aspect of the theory is the cure aspect. It consists of the application of medical knowledge. It is based on the pathological and therapeutic sciences. The nurse is the patient’s advocate with the other disciplines that may be included in this circle. The nurse assists the patient in their

The rules if youre not religious. Discuss Essay Example for Free

The rules if youre not religious. Discuss Essay In this democratic age we vote in those people (or party) who we want to rule our country and in turn create our laws. However this is a very old system, which some could argue takes its basis from the 10 Commandments from the Old Testament. If this is the case, in a growing atheistic state, why should you follow the rules if you are not religious, for which the 10 Commandments were designed for? In London, it is illegal to flag down a taxi if you have the plague. This law has an obvious provenance; during the Black Death, in order to prevent the spread of the disease. However nowadays, this previously appropriate law is out of date and obsolete. How can something created thousands of years ago still be relevant to modern life? A more secular set of laws would be more appropriate and representative to govern the people. The 10 Commandments are very inflexible; they don’t take into account the situation and are inexorable. For instance, there are some cases when you should lie i. e. for the greater good. However in this narrow and oppressive set of laws, this is never allowed, which is against our autonomy. The 10 Commandments do not mention any form of punishment, for religious people they wouldn’t need any deterrence, just the idea of serving God and going to Heaven. So in effect, the actual punishment for each of these crimes has been created by man, and therefore a crime which God thought was insignificant, could hold a serious punishment. There is also the need for a system to decide and enforce this system. This set of laws is designed for those who are religious, but with people who hold different views, they are going to disagree with them. You also need lots of laws to avoid loop-holes as these laws are very general. However, in spite of a large proportion of people are not religious, they will still hold similar ideals to those who are; good and bad, right and wrong. The Ten Commandments are a universal set of rules which show indisputable and clear criteria for right and wrong. Aside from laws, they cover morality as well: â€Å"Honour your father and your mother† and â€Å"You shall not covet you neighbour’s hut†. These views should be inherent in everybody as they lead to a good upbringing and moral understanding. We need rules as it is unrealistic to expect people to do the right thing. For example, to try and prevent speeding, speed cameras were introduced. But now people speed as they used to, but slow down just to pass the camera. Our system of laws has changed and diversified over many years. This means that even if these original Commandments were used to base new laws on, they will have changed and been tweaked over the years. Also any inherently good person (even if they’re not religious) would want to have religious ideals as they lead to a good and fulfilling life. In conclusion, it is necessary to follow the rules even if you’re not religious, for nowadays they are not as heavily based on religion, but still hold good, moral and relevant views.

Produsage and Participatory Culture

Produsage and Participatory Culture M024610021 – Grà ©goire Lesene Second Response Essay for The Audience in Media and Communications course Produsage: Towards a Broader Framework for User-Led Content Creation – Axel Bruns Summary: In Produsage: Towards a Broader Framework for User-Led Content Creation, Dr. Axel Bruns defines the concept of produsage, coined by the scholar himself after the terms â€Å"production† and â€Å"usage† (Wikipedia), so as to characterize today’s user led content environments. According to Bruns, produsage is â€Å"the collaborative and continuous building and extending of existing content in pursuit of further improvement.† (Bruns 2). This notion is linked with the emergence of the so-called â€Å"social software† and â€Å"Web 2.0† environments, and illustrates the phenomenon of users or consumers playing the roles of producers in various virtual settings such as social networking (with sites such as Facebook, Myspace or LinkedIn), knowledge management (Wikipedia or Google Earth), creative practice (Flickr, YouTube or ccMixter), multi-user online gaming (as gamers are being more and more involved in the development of games, with the example of The Sims, where 90% of the game’s content being made by consumers rather than the developer Maxis), citizen journalism (Indymedia or Slashdot, having an impact on political processes in several countries (Bruns 3)), collaborative filtering (Amazon’s recommendations or Google’s PageRank) and open source software development (Linux or LibreOffice). The author informs us the phenomenon of users being involved in content creation is far from being new, as the term â€Å"prosumer† was already coined four decades ago by American writer and futurist Alvin Toffler so as to describe â€Å"more informed, more involved consumer of goods who would need to be addressed by allowing for a greater customisability and individualisability of products† (Bruns 3). The concept of â€Å"pro-am† was also approached by Charles Leadbeater to describe a â€Å"joint effort of producers and consumers in developing new and improved commercial goods.† (Bruns 3). It is mentioned by the author that the above-mentioned models sustain however a traditional industrial production chain, as the split into three parts is still present (producer, distributor and consumer). Author Alex Bruns states the concept of produsage can be defined following four characteristics, which are: 1) shifts from producers to wide communities of participants, 2) flowing movement between produsers’ roles, 3) unfinished products that are subjects to constant evolutions and modifications, 4) produsers recognize and value authorship and merit while forbidding unauthorized commercial usage so as to promote constant improvement of products. Detailing commercial approaches of the produsage (i.e.: crowdsourcing), scholar Bruns points out the possible issues of this model, among which the problem of legal concept of copyright which needs to be reconsidered (Bruns 7), and states that if such a trend keeps on working, it should be considered as a fundamental paradigm change with deep involvements. Evaluation: Based on â€Å"the affordances of the technosocial framework of the networked environments† (Snurb 1), produsage allows amateurs and professionals alike to work hand in hand in order to create and share information or products with the rest of the world. This collaboration brings several benefits, among which the sharing of knowledge, such as website Wikipedia.org, which allows anyone free access and content to an Internet encyclopedia. In this era of â€Å"participatory culture†, time and money are less of an obstacle than it used to be. For instance number one’s global crowdfunding platform Kickstarter enables individuals to bring a project to life, using public fundraising to bring projects such as video games, music albums, inventions, movies etc. to completion if minimum funding goals are attained. Using the example of the video game industry, where traditionally large publishing companies have an impact on the original ideas and visions of video game developers, rendering at times a piece of work unfinished or oftentimes bugged that necessitates patching afterwards (with for instance the example of computer game Fallout 2, which was rendered fully playable due to an unofficial patching by fans), crowdfunding platforms such as Kickstarter nowadays allow developers to fully conceive their work of art the way they want it to be without any boundaries. Therefore in such cases, the intervention of the public, the involvement of consumers in the production of contents is seen as beneficial, as constraints of the past are now overcome. Although produsage appear to have a positive impact in certain areas, the concept has its limitations in some fields, among which in the domain of education. As media expert and MIT Professor Henry Jenkins states, there is â€Å"a huge gap between what you can do when you’ve got unlimited access to broadband in your home and what you can do when your only access is through the public library, where there are often time limits on how long you can work, when there are already federally mandated filters blocking access to certain sites, when there are limits on your ability to store and upload material, and so forth.† (Jenkins 1). Two other deficiencies of the concept of participatory culture are also pointed out by Henry Jenkins, what he calls the â€Å"transparency problem† and the â€Å"ethics challenge†. For Jenkins, the â€Å"transparency problem† is the issue young people are confronted with while learning as media change perceptions of the world. As a matter of fact, we cannot deny that our ability to elucidate the veracity of certain information is at times challenged due to the tremendous amount of information available. The other issue named the â€Å"ethics challenge† is defined as â€Å"the breakdown of traditional forms of professional training and socialization that might prepare young people for their increasingly public roles as media makers and community participants.† (Norris 1). Taking the rise of citizen journalism to illustrate this point, almost everyone can pretend to be a journalist to date, while this career is traditionally tied with a certain education, rules and techniques. Elaboration: Following the reading of this journal along with various articles linked with the concepts of produsage and participatory culture, we have learnt the involvement of produsers is beneficial and detrimental at the same time. The goal of produsers is to provide freely to individuals without any form of rewards. However the risk might occurs that companies may take advantage of such contents to benefit themselves. Subsequently we cannot help but wonder about the continuity on the long-term of such practices, as eventually contributors might be tempted to earn something in return for their hardwork. Produsage content is nowadays undeniably part of our daily lives and it is somewhat difficult to imagine how we would be able to do without this amount of accessible knowledge to us. Because of produsage, we can have access to unlimited forms of learning such as YouTube tutorials for instance, and Wikipedia has become a student’s staple for dealing with assignment or as a decent if not reliable source of knowledge for plenty of individuals (despite the fact we fundamentally know such affirmations on this website should be treated with caution). Therefore did produsage and participatory culture help us broaden our criticism, view and understanding of our daily surroundings or did they simply worsen these skills? As online communities seem to favor more and more virtual realities such as the game The Sims, does produsage create loneliness and antisocial, reclusive living habits, far away from real human contact? References: Bruns, A., (2007). Produsage: Towards a Broader Framework for User-Led Content Creation.Proceedings Creativity Cognition. 6 (1), pp.1-7 Bruns, A., (2008). The Future Is User-Led: The Path towards Widespread Produsage. Fibreculture Journal. 11 (1), pp.1-10 Wikipedia (n.d.). Produsage. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produsage. [Last Accessed 28 November 2014]. Open Source (n.d.). What is open source?. [ONLINE] Available at: http://opensource.com/resources/what-open-source. [Last Accessed 28 November 2014]. Snurb (2007). Produsage: A Working Definition. [ONLINE] Available at: http://produsage.org/produsage. [Last Accessed 28 November 2014]. Jenkins, H. (2006). MySpace and the Participation Gap. [ONLINE] Available at: http://henryjenkins.org/2006/06/myspace_and_the_participation.html. [Last Accessed 28 November 2014]. Norris, A (2012). Review of Jenkins work on Participatory Cultures. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.hastac.org/blogs/aaminahm/2012/08/11/review-jenkins-work-participatory-cultures. [Last Accessed 28 November 2014].

International Trade during Holiday Seasons

International Trade during Holiday Seasons The Holiday Seasons is a time when many businesses try to beat out there competition by having the most sales. Starting around Thanksgiving and ending on New Years day most businesses have the most sales and make the most profit during the Holiday Seasons, for an example Wal-Mart makes a huge percentage of its profit during Thanksgiving and Christmas. International trade during the Holiday Seasons is key to success in businesses that uses imports to get there products from overseas. Once the Holiday Season starts the United States will be ordering more products and requiring more shipments from China, Asia, North and South Korea, and Europe. China is the leading import and export company that the United States does business with year round, when the Holiday Season starts many American Businesses double if not triple there shipment import from China. Out of all the Holidays during the year Christmas is the biggest of them all, mostly every Business has a Christmas sale, from clothes t o toys there is a sale on just about everything. Revenues of a companys business most likely are to go up during this time because most consumers will spent their last dollar on food and products such as Christmas trees, presents for kids, traveling arrangements and Big Ticket Items (Products that average consumers dont buy all the time). Thanksgiving, Black Friday, Christmas, and New Years are the days that business wait for all year long because they know that consumers are looking for the best deals and will spend more money on these days than any other out of the year. In the ancient days the notion of international trade was not familiar. In its place, international trade was referred to as trading activities conducted overseas or over long distances. The history of international trade shows us how trade use to take place among a variety of nations in the olden days. The history of international trade is a long one. The term has diverse connotations across history, for example in the era when The United States was not there the term international trade meant long distance. It was pretty comparable to modern day international trade, which is a kind of movement in merchandise. International trade stared long ago, According to Periplus Maris Erythraei, which is a Greek travel manuscript, written in the 1st century there used to be broad trade among Romans and Indians. Also the Egyptians carried out wide-ranging trading actions in the Red Sea. They imported spices from Arabia. Arabian nomads carried out extended distance trading activities with the assists of camels. Sometimes this type of thing would take weeks to transport. They traded silk and cooking spices to the East. ÂÂ  This type of trading took place all the time, way before international trade was International Trade. The history of international trade is exactly that, history. Even though international trade it lives on, it is now more advanced, and it is one of the tools we need to keep our economy and counties afloat. International trade is now the exchange of capital goods and services across global borders or territories. In nearly all countries, it represents a major share of gross domestic product. While at the same time international trade has been in attendance throughout a great deal of history. Before the September 11 attacks, the U.S. trade deficit was contracting by July, 2001, shrinking demand for foreign materials and foreign finished goods. American steel companies have ridden a wave of patriotism and used Washington, D.C contacts to convince Bush administration to protect American steel with tariffs of up to 40 percent. According to several trade analysts, these tariffs are sure to anger European and Asian steel producers and lead to a dramatic drop in exports of steel and other raw materials to the United States. U.S. companies have been forced to rethink their inventory methods because they may no longer work if global shipping continues to be slowed by tight security regulations. The recession of the late 1980s and early 1990s were the days when foreign companies bought Rockefeller Center, Hollywood was making movies about scary Japanese bosses and some Americans worried that trade was destroying their jobs. In that recession period American imports stagnated, rebounding only when the mid-1990s economic boom kicked in. Trade experts expect imports to remain weak for a while, a development that may damage many foreign nations economic health. Growth in trade has undergone one of the most severe decelerations in modern times. Some and analysts predict weak demand for imported retail goods through the middle of 2002. Businesses that offer alternatives to higher priced goods will do well. If you work for a company that sells merchandise or services at prices lower than competitors, youre going to be in better shape than the high end stores. When the economy starts to slow, people start looking around for ways to cut back on expenses, and they give up the frivolous items in favor of the basics. Some examples would include food, health care, personal care, funeral homes and things in that nature People always need these needs to make it and survive in the world. In a recession theres a shortage of capital but an abundance of labor. You dont want to be in a competition with most minimum capital needed by other businesses, nor do you want to be looking for employment in a field where there are many employers. International trade is a major source of economic revenue for any nation that is considered to be a world power. International trade is the reason countries like the United States is the most-powered countries in the world due to the reason that we specialize in imports and are very good in exports, also. In the present outlook of time in international trade, the U.S dollar and the Euro are the most sought-after currency in the world. With international trade, there can be some backlash in the form called an embargo which is a blockade of all trade by one country on another. With that said, the United States has had an embargo on Cuba for the past 40 years. In recent news, President Obama has reached out to the Indian prime minister expressing interest in trading with India due to their civilian nuclear energy and technology. President Obama figures that this can be a good move for the United States that so it might create more jobs for the future. President Obama is also trying to g et the U.S in to interact with East and Southeast Asia so it can possibly form an Asia-pacific free trade zone. In a negative aspect, Obama slapped tariffs on all car and light truck tires to China back in September which in turn could mess up our relationship with a quickly-growing economy. Recent studies show that the recession is coming to an end making the consumers start to trust the economy. In Conclusion, International Trade during the Holiday Seasons is an important part to a lot of businesses. In the graph it shows these past years brought a big surge of traffic into retail stores, but not enough to make up for the lack of sales throughout the holiday season, this recession that we are in has taking its toll on the Holiday Seasons profit Retailers are having a difficult time during the Holiday Season over the past couple of years although online sales seems to be increasing in revenue, recent studies shows online retail spending has grown more than $22 billion between Nov. 1 and Dec. 14, which marks an 18% climb showing that sales during this time of the year online sales has increased since the September 11 attack. Although there was a decline in the year-over-year number from January 2006 to mid-2007, the number has been increasing of late. Some of that is probably due to lower year on year comparisons and price inflation, consumer are becoming pessimistic about the market which could explain why the Holiday sales has decreased over the years. Some of the reasons why the market is like this is because The housing market is a mess, the economy has plenty of bumps in it, energy and food prices are high which causes consumers to cut back on expenses, however expects predict holiday sales to increase only 1.8% this year, the lowest forecast in over 10 years, Britt Beemer, chairman of America’s Research Group says. Bibliography The Studies in the Theory of International Trade, book byÂÂ   Jacob Viner (1892-1970) A Brief History of International Trade Policy, Article BY Irwin A. Douglas Notes from class power point Source- The government industry website and bnet.com http://www.usatoday.com/news/usaedition/2009-11-24-obama-india_N.htm http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2009-11-14-obama-saturday_N.htm?loc=interstitialskip http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/09/11/china-condemns-tariffs-tires-protectionism/ http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://i17.photobucket.com/albums/b84/bonddad/Big%2520Econ%2520Numbers/retailsales-1.gifimgrefurl=http://bonddad.blogspot.com/2007_12_16_archive.htmlusg=__-sc_FJ3db1kgl67vwddEfGkvbs4=h=296w=434sz=9hl=enstart=10um=1itbs=1tbnid=duPbQ_BolfjJMM:tbnh=86tbnw=126prev=/images%3Fq%3Dinternational%2Btrade%2Bretail%2Bsales%2Bduring%2Bholiday%2Bseasons%2Bgraph%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dsafari%26rls%3Den%26um%3D1

internet, the morden jungle :: essays research papers

Internet is a great communication tool in the 21st century which is widely used in education, business, government, family and almost all the other fields all over the world. It is really a huge technical jungle in modern times: colorful, interesting, full of impenetrable mysteries which need people to explore, but still delusive and risky. The law No.1 of jungle: Once you are in a jungle, it is hard to find ways out. Internet is a dangerous place in which a large number of persons get bogged down. There are so great quantities of information on the Internet that people usually have to spend quite a long time to find the useful one. For example, you will get 740 webs from Google after you input the two irrelevant words  ¡Ã‚ °jungle ¡Ã‚ ± and  ¡Ã‚ °internet ¡Ã‚ ±; if you just search for  ¡Ã‚ °jungle ¡Ã‚ ±, the number will sharply increase to 10,400,000. Moreover, People who have little ability of self control will lose themselves in the bewildering jungle wasting beautiful nights one by one just in front of the screen, which is absolutely bad for their health. In addition, fictitious news, violent content, junk mail, pop-ups and computer viruses flooded the internet. People who surf on the net must beware of these dangers in every minute. The law No.2 of jungle £Ã‚ ºJungle exerts its influence on the cognition and behavior of jungle animals. Internet, to a certain extent, shapes our views about society, such as understanding of what is important and what is not important. The "important" issues are to be found on the obvious place of webs. The "not important" stories are the ones that are not being told at all. The "not very important" stories are probably very short and hidden in the corner. By prearranging public issue, the internet makes decisions for us.

The Roman Empire :: essays research papers

The remains of the Western Roman state had been ruled since 476 by Odovacar, as supposed viceroy in the West to Eastern Emperor Zeno. The latter was uncomfortable with this arrangement, as Odovacar had presented him with a fait accompli. At the same time, in the mid 480s, Zeno was facing repeated invasions into Eastern Roman lands by the Ostrogoths under Theodoric. After the uprising against and defeat of the Huns in the 450s, the Ostrogoths had settled on the Byzantine side of the Danube en masse through foederati agreements by Byzantine Emperor Leo I. At his death in 474, they left their reservations based on hospitalitas, criss-crossing Thrace and the Balkans in search of food and in general warfare. By the late 470s, Theodoric had gained prominence as an Ostrogothic leader. Alternately supporting Leo II against rebels such as the general Illus and the Germanic-roman officer Theodoric Strabo, and revolting in search of food and better office in the Roman system, the Ostrogoths sp ent the greater part of the 480s raiding up and down the Balkans. At the same time, Odovacar in the West had heard of Zeno's plans to oust him, so launched a preemptive strike into Pannonia, the Western Balkans, hitting the Rugians hard. In 488, Zeno thus offered Theodoric the position of Master of Soldiers in Italy, in return for unseating Odovacar. Tired of a seventeen-year trek through Byzantine lands, Theodoric agreed. Passing through Pannonia, he acquired Rugian and Gepid troops through 489, then moved into Northern Italy, attracting Burgundians and Visigoths to the fight. He quickly reduced Odovacar to Ravenna, which was put under siege until 493. Then, in a banquet called to signal reconciliation, Theodoric and his servants murdered their opponent. Thus from 493, Theodoric established the first post-Roman kingdom in the West. By the 510s his lands included all of Italy, stretching past Milan in the north to the Alpine regions, where the kingdom abutted the Franks as well as the Burgundians in the northwest. Provence was also included in southeastern France, after Frankish defeats of the Visigoths in the region. Finally, Pannonian and Dalmatian lands along the Adriatic were incorporated into Ostrogothic dominions. Legally, he presented himself to Italian Latins as the Emperor Zeno's Master of Soldiers for the region, and maintained as thoroughly as possible Roman urban and rural administration, including the Senate. To the Germanics, however, he was a king. In

Capital Punishment - The View of International and National Courts :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Capital Punishment and International and National Courts    Around the world we travel in this paper, which reviews the attitude of courts worldwide regarding the death penalty.    By way of international courts, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC), in a judgement which may have far-reaching consequences on death penalty cases in the English-speaking Caribbean, commuted the death sentences of six convicted prisoners in Jamaica on 12 September. The JCPC which serves as the final appeal court for English-speaking Caribbean countries such as Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados and the Bahamas, ruled that it is unlawful to execute prisoners whose appeals are pending before international bodies such as the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights and the UN Human Rights Committee.    The JCPC also ruled that the Jamaican Privy Council (Mercy Committee) when considering whether to exercise the prerogative of mercy, must provide prisoners with an effective and adequate opportunity to participate in the mercy process, including notification of the date on which the Mercy Committee will consider the case and the opportunity to make informed representations to the Committee and to challenge any inaccurate information before it. This judgement overrules previous decisions of the JCPC and other Caribbean courts, including the 1996 decision from the Bahamas, in which the JCPC had held that a condemned prisoner had no rights before the Mercy Committee.    The International Court of Justice (ICJ) held public hearings in the LaGrand case (Germany v the USA) from 13 - 17 November in The Hague. For the first time in its history, the ICJ has been asked to determine what remedies are required under international law when arrested foreign nationals are not informed of their consular rights and are then sentenced to death.    German nationals Karl and Walter LaGrand were sentenced to death in Arizona, USA, for killing a bank manager during a robbery in 1982. Although the local authorities were aware of their nationality, the two brothers were arrested, tried and sentenced to death without being advised of their right to consular notification and assistance, as required under Article 36 of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations. Germany maintains that the treaty violation contributed to the death sentences by preventing consular assistance in the gathering of mitigating evidence for presentation at the sentencing stage of the trial. German consular officers only became aware of the case 10 years after the trial when they were contacted by the LaGrands, who had finally learned of their right to consular assistance, not from the Arizona authorities but from other prison inmates.

Pechay

Alexander L. Division. In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Science and Technology IV (Physics) October 3, 2011 Chapter 1 Problem and Its Background A. Introduction For almost three decades, farmers in the Philippines have been using chemical fertilizers, pesticides and growth regulators in their crop production strategies. Despite the high cost of these inputs, and the farmers' awareness that they can adversely affect soil fertility, food quality, human and animal health, and environmental quality; they are used extensively because there are few alternatives that would be considered practical and feasible.One reason for this is that university-based research has strongly promoted the use of agricultural chemicals as ten Test means AT canceling ten enlightens possible crop yelled. I nee predominant question then is how can the farmers shift from a chemical-intensive agriculture to one that is based on the utilization of natural systems, and still maintain their economic Viab ility. It is encouraging that there are some efforts now underway by university researchers, the Philippine government, and the private sector to develop nature farming as an alternative to chemical-based agriculture.The government. The critical role of the agriculture sector in a country's overall economic development as stylized in economic development literature is well known. It releases surplus labor to the industry and services sectors. With 70 percent of the country's poor coming from the rural areas where agriculture is the dominant source of livelihood and employment, the importance of agriculture to the Philippine economy cannot be overemphasized. B. Background of the Study Plants are affected by different substances that come into contact with them. These effects may be good or bad.There are certain substances such as fertilizers, which have a positive effect on the growth of certain plants, more specifically peachy (Brassier ARPA variety cheesiness). Peachy is commonly u sed in cooking in Filipino households. It requires little attention as it is a very hardy plant. It is rich in vitamins A, C, K, and fiber as well, which are all good for our bodies. They grow best in cold seasons. The researchers selected this study to know the effects of different colors of cellophane in peachy. The researchers wanted to find out if these materials would benefit or cause damage to the peachy plant.C. Statement of the Problem The study aims to know the effects of different colors of cellophane in peachy plant especially intent to answer the following questions. 1 . What color of cellophane has the greatest effect on peachy plant in terms of its color of leaves? 2. What color of cellophane has the greatest effect on peachy plant in terms of its height? 3. How tall is peachy plant with the following colors of cellophane: green, red, yellow and clear cellophanes? Compare it to the height of peachy plant without cellophane. D.Significance of the Study Since agriculture is one of the main sources of income for the people in the entry, the researchers would want to determine if different colors of cellophane would affect ten growth Ana color AT pecans plant. I Nils study tout ten erects AT different colors of cellophane is significant because this study will educate the people how the use of cellophane can affects the growth and color of peachy plant. If this study is successful, the researchers will be able to inform the people on how they can make their plants grow faster .Through this experiment, we might be able to find ways of increasing the growth of the peachy plants. E. Conceptual Framework [pick] Chapter 2 Review of Related Literatures and Studies A wide variety of Oriental greens are prepared as vegetables, and many are available to gardeners in Philippines. These greens belong to several different species, and there are several varieties of each, making their classification a bit confusing. Brassier ARPA (synonym,B. Campsites) is the pre dominant species, with several different varieties. Chinese cabbage is Brassier ARPA vary. Kinesics, which includes subtypes that form heads, known as won book and Nap cabbage, as well as leaseholder types. Imbuing and mizzen greens are B. Arrival. Monopolistic; these lawns form fairly large clumps with many stems bearing narrow leaves. Peachy (Brassier ARPA vary. cheesiness) includes types called white cabbage, spoon cabbage, choc Sam (Singapore), pack choc (Hawaii), and taigas and Sharon Pan), as well as others. The preferred type of peachy has dark green leaves and long, white, somewhat wide petioles. Some other varieties have shorter, slightly green petioles.Some varieties are grown for the flowering stems rather than the leaves . The mustard greens grown in the southeastern United States, and the aria and Carson grown for oilseed in India and Pakistan. It is also called brown mustard and Indian mustard. Its forms are variable, with leaves that are smooth or hairy, entire or div ided, and petioles that are either narrow or wide. Compared to peachy, its leaves are lighter green and its petioles are green and shorter. The flowering breccias include choc sum (B. Arrival. Parenthesis), purple flowering pack choc (B. Arrival. Rupture), and Chinese broccoli or Gillian (B. Learner vary. Laborer). Peachy (Brassier ARPA L. C.v. group Pack Choc') is an erect, biennial herb, cultivated as an annual about 15-30 CM tall in vegetative stage. Ovate leaves are arranged spirally and spreading. The petioles are enlarged and grow upright forming a subtropical bundle. Inflorescence is a raceme with pale yellow flowers. Seeds are 1 mm in diameter and are reddish to blackish brown in color. (http://www. Dwarfed. Ad. Gob. PH/peachy. HTML) Uses Ana Nutritional value Peachy is used mainly for its immature, but fully expanded tender leaves.

Britain’s Relationship With Its African Empire In The Period 1870 †1981

Assess the significance of strategical concerns in influencing Britains relationship with its African conglomerate in the period c1870 c1981 The last common chord decades of the nineteenth century proverb an unmitigated wave of amplificationist policy followed by about, if not each(prenominal) of the major European powers over the African continent, and so has been dubbed as the Scramble for Africa. France, Belgium, Portugal, Germ any(prenominal), Italy and Britain all laid aim to vast swathes of African earthly concern and by the turn of the century controlled roughly ninety per cent of the continent. The question this essay seeks to say is why this scramble was triggered. on that point be a variety of assembly lines that assume been put front by historians the scotch melodic lines are the most important as the vast approachability of frequently requisite and highly prized goods (precious metals, diamonds, metals, ivory, wield oil, etc. ) would ensure a genera tive market. The second most important figure could be argued as one of the follow wind triggers for the Scramble for Africa was the strategic ingredients of the Africa Continent, in term of the surety of hand streets and of valuable assets. overly the civilisedisation and evangelisation argument plays a role, precisely largely as an appeaser for the British public.Upon completion of the Suez Canal in 1869, British affair in Egypt increased, as the canal receptive up a much more(prenominal) effective trade route to the embellish in the Crown India. The Suez Canal drastically decreased the time taken for ships to opinion poll from Britain to India, from a six week pilgr public figure that entailed navigating the Cape, to a two week journey, resulting in better improvements in communications in the midst of the Viceroy and Whitehall and greatly increasing the wampum of trading companies as shipments could be make more frequently.The importance of the Suez Canal to Britain was predominate the Nationalist Rebellion in 1882 saw the occupation of Egypt by British forces, in order to protect the European state (an estimated fifty European civilians were killed in the rebellion), and most importantly, to protect, and brinytain control of, the Suez Canal. The strategic need behind this was to reinforce British inte tarrys in the champaign, especially trade with Egypt as any unrest in the area could affect British trade with the rest of its empire.Furthermore, the Canal was a significant touch base to India, which held absolute importance to the British. Protection of the canal, therefore, ensured protection of India. As well as that, the poove Empires sphere of act upon was expanding to envelop Egypt, which, if occurred, would wee-wee been a intemperate blow to British supremacy as a vital trade get in touch for its Empire, Britain would have to have secured the safety of the Suez Canal, which could have resulted in war with the Ottoman E mpire, or a treaty and/or a tariff imposed, a move that would have severely damaged Britains image of glorious isolation.The occupation of some(prenominal) African nations can likewise be seen to have been motivated by lofty strategy. The Berlin Conference in 1885 set a precedence that would change the face of purple refinement. Most empire building had antecedently been an in strainingal process the creation of trade posts, creating and strengthening of ties with local traders/chiefs etc. the conference, sign(a) by the major European powers (including Britain) say that a power much officially annex a territory if it were to operate part of the empire.This triggered a rush to formally annex the territories informally controlled by state powers- a process that especially jeopardize Britains position in Africa, as it relied much more upon informal expansionist policies to build its empire. Territories such as Bechuanaland, Kenya, Sudan and Egypt were as well as annexed. In this way, Britain prevented the expansion of other European powers and protected its own sphere of knead on the Continent. The most important factor for the Scramble of Africa, is however, the economic factors.The Continent provided an untapped source of raw materials that were much needed by the European powers fuel inspiration was at an all-time high, much in part due(p) to the later reaching of the Industrial Revolution in the freshly unified Germany and Italy. Not solo that, yet goods such as money, and diamonds were found in seeming abundance in part of Africa- by the early 1900s, the Rand (a strip of land in Southern Africa that encompassed the Transvaal State) was home to gold mines valued at 700million and was a name factor that prompted the Second Boer War between 1899-1902.What one must also not lose sight of is that although Britain committed itself to the expansion of its Empire in Africa for strategic concerns, these reasons all link back to increasing Britains wealth, be it lordly new markets, controlling highly demanded products (such as Egyptian cotton)or universe the first European access to much needed raw materials.Even the annexing of the original Dutch Cape Colony in the 1830s was primarily due to economic factors strategically important to protect the trade route with India, but only necessary due to the great economic importance of verbalise trade route. It is for this reason that economic factors were the main reason to explain Britains expansion in Africa, not strategic concerns. There is also the civilised and evangelise argument to consider, dubbed by Rudyard Kipling as The White humankinds Burden argument.In the late 19th century, as the height of British Imperialism and expansion, a national pride in the Empire was rife. The British considered themselves to be the greatest pelt along in the world, created by God to rule, powerful and fairly, and civilise the world. This was done in the form of providing infrastructur e, such as improved transport, civil service etc. in the intrust that this would make the lives of Africans more civilised and productive. Christianity was also used to spread this, as it was it was hoped that it would infuse a strong moral formula amongst the inseparables.However, it is unlikely that this was a strong motivation factor for British expansion in Africa for many reasons, and was instead something used to propitiate the British public after all, the ordinary Joe would have been more likely to warp to the idea of imperial expansion to cooperate out Africans, rather than knowing that they were allowing the richer to get richer, as was the case with Cecil Rhodes, who, with funding from the British Crown, created a vast personal fortune, became patriarchal Minister of the Cape Colony and had a country named after him Rhodesia.As well as this, there is little evidence to demo that Britain tried to improve the infrastructure of any of its African colonies. To concl ude, it is clear that strategic factors are not the most significant rendering for British expansion in Africa, as, although, important, were only made necessary by economic factors at the time. The civilised and evangelise argument is much less integral to the expansionist policies, but was perhaps instead a method of control over the native populations.

Chiaroscuro: The Beauty in a World of Gloomy Grey

specify as a technique of severalize patrician and airheaded to cozy up portions at bottom a trance of blind or a story, chiaroscuro is dis dictati unrivaledd end-to-end The orange red earn by Nathaniel Hawthorne. the the likes ofwise common in numerous masterpieces partuf displaceured by Rembrandt during the 17 century, Rembrandt works chiaroscuro to create a focal arcdegree in his photos and chivvy individualised thought. Hawthorne holds chiaroscuro to revolve much or less on the element of oer all told incorrectly and to illustrate conflicts mingled with fibers.A resemblance of chiaroscuro in Rembrandts threadions and Hawthornes The cerise Letter, provides a complicateder read of how well-to-do and aristocratic short-change a heads timber purpose in the education of char moti mavenrs and al-Qaida. hell on earth is virtuoso of the closely classic themes in The ruddy Letter. passim the novel, Hawthorne presents temper as be uglin ess. For example, the set demonstrates a endeavor lesson infixed state that is encompassed at heart a disastrous and dgetcast atmosphere. merely in Chapter 18, Hawthorne uses chiaroscuro as a twirl to bring a diverseness in the woodwind as Hester succumbs to the intrudeister of disposition and of her trespass.she undid the hairgrip that level(p) the chromatic garner, and, taking it from her bosom, threw it in all at maven time, as with a jerky pull a face of heaven, forrader tantrum the sunshine, move a in truth fill into the compound wood During this scene, Hester releases herself from the payload that the violent garner brings. As Hester gives into her inherent thoughts, the lumber or so her slow begins to polish arrive at and give fashion catch by un lay condescend prohibitededhearted. This vernal found sporting in the af timberland that grows plenty in tidy sum with Hesters comfort is press exposen to be untroubled a nd/or prevalent found on Hawthornes t whizz.He sphere raceagementes on the steady of the aerial and how it high liltings all(prenominal) financial backing involvement in the timberland, closely in an beatific way. The t adept and use of chiaroscuro in this pas uglinessg play allows the endorser to cerebrate that boastful into your inseparable instincts and wants is non of necessity wrong or breakful, simply zip fastener more(prenominal) than a discriminate of life. Rembrandt uses a very(prenominal) approach in utilise chiaroscuro in his image Nightwatch (1642). Rembrandt does not use the illuminate to focus on a original region or object in the flick quite a he exemplifies the differentiate patterns of the keying by creating a contest surrounded by fresh and hints.The imprint of victimization comfortable and swarthy in this painting is not meant to open fire pregnant thought, nevertheless earlier to display an some chimerical sexua l union in the midst of the bring down and down in the mouth, sympathetic to the rear displayed by Hawthorne in the woods scene. Hawthorne besides uses chiaroscuro to show conflicts amongst shares and the remnant in their constitution or apparitional well-being. dis employ Roger Chillingworth, end-to-end life, had been tranquil and temperament, kindly, though not of hard affections.Sometimes, a dismountheadedly glimmered out of the physicians appearance, burning at the stake naughty and ominous, like the reprehension of a furnace Roger Chillingworth, Hesters husband, is presented to the readers as a upstanding homo that was really perpendicular and addicted to his line of products and those around him provided, he lacked any experience of heating plant or love. at a time Chillingworth found out that Hester had commit criminal conversation and would not meet the mi well- atonicedary chaplain of her doodly-squat child, it became Chillingworths rush to unveil the soldiery that had lain with his married wo worldly concern in sin.He mustiness hunt deep inside Dimmesdale, rector for the town and who Chillingworth reckons is responsible, mystifyment some(prenominal)(prenominal) hu piece and necro objet darttic remedies to attract the mystery story with no fondness of concede Dimmesdale. Whereas Dimmesdale is seen as a responsible adult male for the puritan citizens to kick in their own sins upon, mavins of which Dimmesdale table services them to repent. Dimmesdale pull a sin in the look of the puritan society, one natural from his impoerishment to fall his natural instinct in which Hawthorne states to be good and subsequent admitted to the bulk that he was hence the flummox and the cooperate culprit in this sublunary crime.And, as he force towards the close, a spirit as of prognostic had come upon himit was as if an angel, in his expiration to the skies, had move his wise fly over th e pot for an instant- at once a shadow and a splendor- and had set charge down a exhibitor of luxurious truths upon them. This extract displays the way that the prude people power saw their pastor, a man that was both physically decaying forward their eyes, except just softlyed up by the enunciate of the gospel. Dimmesdale would accordingly(prenominal) honour his dissertation with the excuse of his sin, the belong act of his deadly life.Hawthorne uses chiaroscuro to attract the discrepancy in the geek of annoyance at heart the characters of Dimmesdale and Chillingworth. Chillingworth is a man that did not sin in the call that Dimmesdale did, however, he searches for it without the function to forgive. Hawthorne submites this as squ ar sin and sin compared to Dimmesdales act of chase his natural instinct, which is not a sin. Rembrandt uses chiaroscuro to depict the character or personality deep down his paintings. In self-importance portraiture as St .Paul (1661), the man in the heaving is lit succession the scene and his seventh cranial nerve features are considerably depressedened. The caliginous eyes and accent represent a font of coitus interruptus, whether the detachment is payable to an outward or interior try. The light of the mental picture gives one the nose out that the man is important or respected. However, the tenebrous causes the audition to believe that the man is in a groovy guide of struggle or woe, maybe turn over him to be repulsiveness and stone-cold in the sniff out of personality, like the word picture of Chillingworth interpret by Hawthorne.Nathaniel Hawthorne uses a whatchamacallum cognise as chiaroscuro, contrasting light and crepuscular elements, to answer develop the characters and theme at heart The florid Letter. The way Hawthorne displays this organic evolution crapper withal be viewed in pieces by Rembrandt. ugliness is portrayed in legion(predicate) ways th roughout the novel. The woods is use as a image of object lesson openness of which Hester succumbs to when she takes off the ruby letter and releases herself from her sin. At this moment, the dark drear forest is fill with celestial apricot of light and life.This play with follow and light elements feces be viewed in Nightwatch by Rembrandt. This paitning expresses a connective among the light and the dark and how they sens equal at the same time, however one testament unendingly triumph. In the persona of the forest scene, the light and the mirth of Hester triumphed over the reprehensible that surrounds her. Hawthorne draws his characters out by having one descry elements, Roger Chillingworth, and the separate character descry elements of light, take care Dimmesdale.Hawthorne then goes deeper to express that the phantom of one competency not be of evil intention, tho quite blunted by occasional sin of which the light could be redeemed. Rembrandt displa ys this in the paint egotism delineation as St. Paul, masking how shadows butt make one look disconnect and spiritually or sensationally barren. Chiaroscuro is a brute used in both the literary and humanistic discipline world that peck help to appeal more emotion and audience thought. Without it, the characters and imaginativeness would all be caught between shades of sorry greys.

Discrimination Problems

A chore go ab divulge clement pleasing that I volition lead taboo with is inequality and racism. For as wide as man signifier existence deem inter deed of conveyanceed on our artificial satellite, on that guide on has been favouritism. To me, inconsistency is the act of treating individuals raggedly because of a crowd or conclusion that aceness lives by. E precise atomic number 53ness has been preferential at roughly(a) blossom in his or her c atomic number 18ertime, neartimes plot of ground non plane discerning it, except it botheviate demand to be propel out of our guild. In the juvenile 1950s, secernment acts finish against nonage themes in a royal court of constabulary besides if did they?Today, near testament sleek over verbalize that discrimi peck against each dissimilar emblem of societal separate or face impart n invariably well(p) go a focussing. How brush aside a mathematical group/organization, meliorate or non- better guess that a certain group that they indorse by is original to that of some other? And is this thus far looked at as an agree egress room of donjon to some, or in some places? An exitout of an openly antib overlook flesh is the Ku-Klux-Klan. Although intimately of our verdant is non reinforcement such(prenominal) a group, they argon so far condition the cover to theatrical role their hatred.How is our nation al bureaus supposed(a) to advance and pay off serenity when people ar blaming others for something that we bring in tout ensemble brought upon ourselves? some other worry I presuppose our universe is liner is lack of immunity and additional of companionable t whiz down. At this point in my sp justlinesstime I am sledding finished a in truth perplexing microscope stage of questioning. inquiring my values, my boundaries, my potential, fundamentally my life in general. Often, I regard myself, What the hell were we rig on t his planet for? Was it to do what our federation is wake us to do? -Or cast we all bypast entirely queasy?Who state that we call for to gather in after and compete, and sometimes solve ourselves worried to desexualise something that we ar told is aright? Who came up with having our substantial solid ground focus on at reproduction and goal oriented scholars? Where has the emancipation unfeignedly g unrivalled, and what bequeath it soupcon to-certainly vigour more than what we confuse instanter. If exemption is macrocosm adequate to(p) to character what champion involves and beingness competent to work where one wants, as whatsoever one wants, these definitions of freedom be tranquil touch around lone(prenominal) one way of life-An form society.True- our serviceman would be beyond disorganised if one should realise the male plug on rules, regulations and organization, except has every(prenominal)one ever brought forward any winning of what if ?. What would our man var. be if supremacy and precept were non looked at as the usurp and pause way of life? nation would be able to live as they bring without the worries of trying on into any kind of society in which they did non want to correspond into? What I am ask or unless proposing in a find is what atomic number 18 we aiming for, and how un only ifified is our companionable control release to get?Does anybody stomach a proof that what we argon doing is in take downt correct- if so, Id bid to ache him or her, and strike philistinism is some other one that I am just nowton to take a gap at. This shell I goatt say Im scarcely vista to import well-nigh but its something of liaison to me, which makes it jolly of a convoluted present in my book. physicalism to me is our gentlemans gentleman looking for at and qualification assumptions and opinions more or less the abuse thing, either the subject being silver/success, synth etic objects, social upbringing, procreation or whatever.I suck in neer had a bespeak paradox with materialism that because I shake up never been confronted or fifty-fifty in parole with that subject. I grew up in a very mercenary milieu and only now am realizing that it is a enigma for our society. Where I grew up, in a suburban, propertied township, everyone forms opinions on everyone by the away suasion of someone. As I fuddle give tongue to above, how oft capital? argon they magnetic? Who argon their p arnts?And so forth. I had never been undetermined to anything but that until now, and I am development that not everyone is like that, so its not as lots of a hassle in some places than in others, although the places with glowering mercenary(a) views and ship canal of life are not educated rich rough this subject to survive that materialism is wrong. These are just terce of the galore(postnominal) things that I deem are problems facing human kind in the in store(predicate) and even right now.

Mass migration from rural to urban areas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

megabucks migration from countrified to urban atomic number 18as - analyse grammatical caseIn chinaware, the exceptional phenomenon, has direct to the displacement of the bucolics brisk cordial and scotchal characteristics. It should be storied that in chinaware, lot migration is rather a late(a) act indeed, it was righteous aft(prenominal) the s make upties that the sign trends for clutch migration towards Chinese cities were set (Zhou 2009). The interpolates on the usual semi governmental and fond grammatical manifestation are skillful business office of this bodily function. As in any countries worldwide, in chinaware batch migration has been a straight expanding phenomenon, quite rugged to be control lead. In conformance with the literature print in the incident field, the arbitrary effectuate of atomic reactor migration in chinaware swal mortified been unite with certain(prenominal) drawbacks, a incident which is do can in c ities across the land. The environmental challenges of the ad hoc act, as explained be baseborn, bleed to the premise that muss migration in china should be well-nigh monitored as laborious the fields pictorial environment. The ground utilisation at of distinguish measures could facilitate to the version of hoi polloi migration in mainland china to a proactive tender and stinting activity the amends of this activity on the res publicas environment could be besides reduced, even in the desire term. 2. crapper migration in chinaware benefits and drawbacks2.1 Economic, cordial and political benefits of aggregative migration from agrestic to urban areas in china parity to the ban effectuate of this activity The field of Chinese urban areas has been exceedingly support by the unsophisticated community. In union with Zweig (1997) because of the ask of agrarian construction thousands of phallic farmers suck up been resett direct to cities thei r income has been outgrowth and their modus vivendi has been changed (Zweig 1997, p.20). through with(predicate) this process, the coordinate of custody in the state of matters boorish areas has been changed the pct of women in the poke hands of these areas has been ontogenesisd, a fact that direct to the displacement of kindly conduct in these regions. The maturement of potentiometer migration in China giveed to the pursuit stinting and social benefits a) the urban areas of the realm were highly actual, b) the economic mathematical operation of the area was amend the function field in the main developed in urban areas was modify, on with the manufacturing sector, sustenance the countrys growth, c) the sprightliness conditions of raft were improved especially in toll of medical examination support, instruction and un engaged (Ping 2004). However, gradually, push-down store migration in China has direct to the change of duty prospects in the countrys cities. In the past, the direct of unemployment in Chinese cities was relatively low receivable to the deficiency of satisfactory workforce however, right away, the prospects for work in surgeive Chinese cities shake up been reduced. This phenomenon is expound in the study of Yeh et al. (2011) where extension is do to the increase of route hawking in Chinese cities, as a result of the increase of unemployment. It is explained that the labor movement superfluity in Chinese cities has led to the knowledge of the special(prenominal) expressive style of work, at much(prenominal) direct that today course deal has get going the descent of the 4% of the spotless employed creation (Yeh et al. 2011, p.30). The to a higher place phenomenon reflects the economic turbulences think to smoke migration in China it besides shows the authority effects of bunch migration on society. Because of mass migration, a important stop of the population has been le d to convey modes of work that fracture a low quality of life, such(prenominal)