Physical Education For Schools Education Essay

Physical reproduction For Schools education EssayAcademics are of dandy important, but so is having judgment of conviction for physical physical fitness and physiological exercises in school. When children have an opportunity to melt and run at recess, they focus and concentrate more during class time. The important aim of visible command to the upstart generation is to offer them with knowledge and skills unavoidable to keep them healthy as they grow up. Physical movement is a crucial sort out of how children learn. So as to keep children motivated and engaged, fleshly education activities must be enjoyable and spunkyly interactive. This paper has looked on various benefits that are colligate to fitness and somatogenic education. Moreover the paper has focused on some ch aloneenges that hinder implementation of a proper corporeal education platform in schools.IntroductionMany of the early generation would highly prefer to be sitting inactively in front a comp uter or television instead than performing something physically active. Most of the scholars believe that they have insufficient time, guidance or opportunity to engage in physical activities. The perfect place where student would be able to find sufficient time, guidance and opportunities is in schools themselves. Educators are responsible for the compulsory physical education curriculum at the junior high school levels and should be commended for this, but frowned upon for not implementing it on senior high school students. Downs and Anne defines Physical Education as the course of education that develops the individual body, in call of movement skills and fitness (112). Physical education teaches students to have helpful skills that are applicable to the present and future tone. Through physical education students are alike able to learn how to interact and work with others to achieve their goals in a manner which academic subjects, such as science and mathematics, whitethor n not offer.Those who oppose compulsory Physical Education schools believe that if a child has not developed an aspiration for deliberate physical activities by the time she or he is high school, she or he may not develop (Allison, 2005). It is factual that a student should not be merely forced into something he/she dont like participating in, but if these students do not get any physical exercise outside the school environment, where give they get a fitting amount of physical fitness? Sam Eberhardt, athletic manager a head coach of the McNair basketball team in Raymond, N.C., supposes students do not contend about engaging in physical activities anymore and we have to teach these students on the fundamental grandeur of benefits of Physical Education. In the 1996-1997 school academic historic period there were 1,143 students enrolled at Nair High School, however there were only five physical education classes offered, which meant average of 120 students attended in these physic al education classes (Downs Anne 2005). The outstanding 1023 grade 11 and 12 students had no Physical Education at all. This is a shocking figure. Many students get involved in frolic activities and sports outside of the school compound, but many of them obtain hardly any exercise at all. There is need for students to get a place where they scum bag get involved in some kind of physical natural action and exercise (Brailsford, 1992). School is right place where implementation of such physical activities legal deal take place since it is in school you willing find proper equipment and facilities that are required to accommodate the students and physical activities involved. If physical education is not do a compulsory subject then many of the students will not obtain the benefits which decent program derriere offer.Physical education, fitness and healthThe importance of Physical Education and fitness on young people health is extensive. Also, the High School Physical Educati on (n.d.) argued that regular physical activity is necessary to sustain fitness and health (1).The fitness and healthy lifestyles acquired from a good program are of high beneficial in controlling hyperkinetic diseases and ontogenesis caliber health life. Insufficient physical activities results to deprived physical fitness that could lead to diseases such as such as lower back pain, diabetes, heart diseases and obesity. The main(prenominal) fundamental goal of physical education is tom achieve to prevent these hypokinetic diseases and gain physical wellness. Coe, Pivarnik Womack, (2006) defines physical wellness as a measure of mental, mad physical, mental, and spiritual health. For one to achieve physical wellness, students should try to mingle their academic studies with a physical activity that meets their desires. With practice of these students will not only liveliness healthier but they will also look healthier and better due to proper exercise and diet. Exercise is the m ajor factor in the working out of muscles and reduction of overweight in an individual body (Jeanie, 2008). There are presently many overweight persons whom are unable to reduce weight. The American crab louse Society explained that daily quality physical education is very important in the students long-life health and well-being (1). Furthermore, improved coordinated school health programs which include physical education can help reverse the growing epidemic of childhood obesity (1). Also, they insisted that effective efforts that are made now will help children avoid lifetime chronic diseases and disabilities (1). Furthermor, they explicitly utter that regular physical activity is associated with a healthier, longer life, and it prevents chronic heart diseases, obesity, diabetes, and other cancers (1). It is the obligation of political leaders and educators in the school curriculum to make physical fitness a priority at an early age through educating young people on the subst antial importance of physical wellness. The ultimate and best place to educate them would be in high school level if not they may end up growing with little health knowledge. In accordance to statistics of Model of Physical Fitness textbook (2004), 50% of total demise deaths that happen in the United States are closely associated lifestyle habits such as overweight, alcohol consumption and smoking. This lifestyle death can be greatly reduced and controlled through physical exercise and a healthier living. Not all deaths can be controlled, but by implementing a proper physical education program in an individuals first stages of life, this individual will not only live an improved quality of life but also will live longer (Department of Health, 2004).Physical, intellectual and social benefitsPhysical education offers a recipe of physical, social and intellectual challenges that other disciplines such as physics may not offer. Although the physical feature is the most central, it is n ot essentially the most important. Sports such as volleyball, basketball and hockey facilitate in refining and developing motor skills and improving coordination among the individuals. Muscular power and endurance are also improved, while flexibility is also enhanced through getting involved in sports activities (Jeanie, 2008). As already know, sport is not just a composer of physical skills, but also composed of knowledge and sharpness of the mind. An all way-round player possesses the capacitance of making quick and smart decisions during a play of game this could be a high difference between a good and an average player, although their physical skills may be equivalent. What is distinctive about physical education is that the interaction between instructors and students is usually higher than in other subjects, and moreover the surrounding automated teller machine is generally lively (McDonald, 2001). This interaction rate between the instructors and the students can lead to ac quaintances and friendship that would not have developed in other classes this is a great part of social and intellectual development. Also, studies generally support the suggestion from cross-sectional data that academic performance is maintained or even enhanced by an increase in a students level of habitual physical activity, despite a reduction in curricular or free time for the reflect of academic material (119). Studies demonstrate the positive effects daily physical activity has on student performance and academic achievement in terms of memory, observation, problem-solving and decision-making, as well as significant improvements in attitudes, discipline, behaviours and creativity (64). A student can study best in an environment that is pleasant, yet educationally productive. Furthermore, Grissom argued that physical education is not extracurricular rather, it is a rattling component in the students academic success (12). According to Grissoms research, there are many studi es that interpret the relationship of physical education and academic achievement. This concluded that there is a significant correlation of academic success and physical education (12). Also, he explained that physical and other activities that promote good health promote intellectual capacity (24).Physical activity, skillfulness and social functionPhysical education also provides physical activity skillfulness that is necessary for social function. It teaches helpful skills such as interaction and communication with peers. The High School Physical Education (n.d.) explained that physical activities and performance involves a competence that enables the students to know how to maintain health and fitness as individuals and as members of teams (3). If these activity skills are not learnt at early ages then it is the duty of schools to teach on how to build up and apply these crucial skills. Also, a report by HM Inspectorate of Education regarding the Physical Education in uncreat ed Schools explained that the success in physical education improves achievements in other areas of learning, and is closely related to intellectual and social development. Also, it builds self-esteem, cooperation, and communication (6). Communication skills are vital in many sides of life e.g.in a job interview communication skill may be a determining factor or just in a day-after-day communication with a friend. If students are not trained in social skills they habitually become self- mindful and shy in social interaction (Epstein Valoski, 1995). If play skills are not established at early stages then they will not be developed at all. Eventually this could be a terrible factor which may end up affecting social behavior of young people and could result to delinquency, family and social problems. Students with such problems typically lack vital social skills which serve as being participative in group activities. Signs and symptoms of this may be nervousness and general lack of s elf-confidence during interaction with others. More significantly, physical activity gives students the chance to relieve pressure, stress and enjoy themselves.Challenges facing to fitness and physical educationWhile these are definitely positive benefits and importance of fitness and physical education, there are also various stumbling blocks in establishing a consistent and reliable physical education program in schools. Many of the oecumenical challenges put into headlines by UNESCO include financial and human resource constrains to carry out proper physical education programs (Shephard, Lavallee, Voile, Beaucage, 1994). For example, UNESCO stated that there is a shortage of primary school educators who are properly trained in physical education. Moreover, set timetables for physical activities are not established, many schools lack space and equipment, and in addition many physical education teachers and trainers do not entirely value the importance of physical activity (She phard, Lavallee, Voile, Beaucage, 1994). Furthermore, A report by HM Inspectorate of Education regarding the Physical Education in Primary Schools said that the physical education within the school day is insufficient that encouragements to participate in sports is a must to enable a positive impact on the students lifestyle (5). Moreover, a report by HM Inspectorate of Education regarding the Physical Education in Primary Schools reported that the physical education were very low in levels of developing fitness, designing and evaluating (7). Also, the report said that the structure and balance of the physical education create by mental act is poor (10). Also, it was seen that many schools have difficulties in implementing the proper amount of time because of problems in storage areas of equipments, rooms for physical education class, and showering facilities for boys and girls (23). Moreover, the study said that some other difficulty in physical education in schools is the quali ty or way of assessment. Teachers lack confidence and procedures were under-developed (33). Also, the monitoring and the evaluation is another problem to the schools implementation. It was said in a health report that between 1981 and 1996, the number of obese children in Canada between the ages of seven and 13 tripled.This is contributing to a dramatic drum in illnesses such as type 2 diabetes,heart disease, stroke, hypertension and some cancers many young people do not have the opportunity to be physically active every day (2).In addition to becoming well-informed about the recent political debates on physical education, school educators should all consider their own defined notions about the topic. They appear to be a wide-scale outlook among educators that physical education is of less importance compared to other forms of education. Evidence of this can be seen when contrasting what teachers say with what they really do. While most educators may orally agree that physical educ ation is fundamental, they do not put into practice. They also dont also fully support the governments affirmed goals because they are scared that more focusing on physical education will make it harder to achieve their main objectives of teaching students how to read and write.ConclusionIn conclusion the goal of education system should be mainly to educate and teach skills which can be relied upon in the present and future times. Students should not be dispossessed of something that will progress and improve their strength and health. Politicians and educators should legislate for a compulsory Physical Education program at school levels. Physical education enhances skills that are needed for self- confidence and social functioning. It also teaches valuable information on how to maintain physical fitness and provides basic knowledge on how to reduce unhealthy lifestyle habits (Biddle, 1997). Physical fitness will help to kick-out minor symptoms such as constipation, stress, headache s, and indigestion. Physical Education should be a requirement for all school curriculums since it help in providing physical skills which are essential for educational value, efficient social functioning and good healthy practice which reduce health risks. Healthy persons are more fruitful at work, are less expected to be absent at work and are usually more pleased with their livelihood activities. By incorporating a healthy lifestyle at early ages, it will increase the gap of it continuing into the later on yearsModern luxuries, such as computers, television and cars encourage young people and children to sit down for couple of hours, and this is taking a harm toll on our society. Millions of people are suffering from deadly diseases that could be controlled through regular exercise. In spite of all of the undreamt medical breakthroughs established by contemporary scientists, there is no such a thing like exercise in a tablet. Nothing at all can substitute physical activity. Wh en this fact is generally accepted and physical education becomes an embedded part of the learning practice, all people of society, including the young generation, will benefit.

Inflation And Oil Prices In Malaysia

Inflation And embrocate Prices In MalaysiaIt is observed that more than a decade ago, megascopic fossil anoint tolls were in the midst of $20 to $40/cask with its ups and downs throughout the late 90s. The damage went up slightly before dropping again by and by the 1997 Asian financial crisis. In the beginning of the 21st degree centigrade however, the m startary places started to boost to almost double that to the average treasure of $40. Volatility is high as by 2002 the place dropped back to about $20 right after the September 11 Attacks before surging up again almost immediately. It can be said that from 2003 onwards, the expense of crude anoint throughout the humankind began to fast ascend higher and higher oer the few course of studys till late 2006. This is mainly due to concerns on exhausting rock fossil cover-wells throughout the world, the transport US-Iraq war situation, OPECs stand on providing the world with limited submit with its reason to pres erve resources, increasing growth and dependance on consumption of crude embrocate in the world and more. All of these add into the weight and urgency that spiked conspiracy and panic into the industry, added that market players took advantage of the situation to further propel expenses into the sky.By 2007, the bubble for the US Sub-prime loan crisis burst and sent a shock wave that changeed cash flow in world economies with a deficit of funds. A temporary sharp drop occurred in the footings of crude oil. Within a terminus of just a year, speculators, players, investors and suppliers any contri only ifed a part to the defeat oil footing hike in human history. The price of just an average of $60 per barrel more than doubled to an unbelievable peak of $ cxl or more per barrel. This has sent the world oil prices scrambling to readjust its value in the market and also affecting every other industry associate to it. As quickly as it came, the prices of crude oil crashed back to about $40 per barrel in less than half a year. The crash was timed, compete and expected. However the damage has been done to the world economies affecting overall price increases and devaluation of currencies. The more open on crude oil a country is, the large the effect it has taken. In short, it is the citizens who suffer from these two back to back sub-prime loan and crude oil price hike crisis.From then since, the price of crude oil has lingered around $40 to $50 average for a term as economies embrace recovery before the price of crude oil resumed its steep climb on again. The climb hovered around $80 per barrel by early 2010. Up until recently, the price of crude oil continues to hang around $75. It is safe to assume that the 21st carbon modern crude oil prices would continue to be at least this value of $70 and above with the very simple reason of increasing enquire with decreasing supply.Comparing the prices back a decade ago and ignoring the price hike scenario, t odays crude oil prices in per barrel is twice as very much what was valued back in the year 2000. This just goes to show how much has changed in just a short span of ten years in this industry and provides a correct indicator of what the future of the petroleum industry holds for us. One thing is for certain, it is that the price for crude oil will continue to climb at an increasing valuate in the future unless a substitute for our heavy reliance on petroleum could be discovered in time. Otherwise, in that respect is only that much we can prep atomic number 18 ourselves and embrace the ever increasing cost of living linked so heavily back to our grave dependency on the core energy source of the modern world.Research objectiveThis look aspires to validate the public perceptions that the oil price hike does essentially affect pretentiousness. It will analyse the consumer price index ( consumer price index) in Malaysia that would be affected by the social movement in oil price b y world crude oil price. Thus, the objectives of this research are as follows(a) To determine the effect of spherical oil price shock on Malaysia flash locate.(b) To validate the theories and perceptions that oil price movements will affect consumerproducts and services, regardless of whether fuel is directly or indirectly used as main inputin the business operations and value chain.1.3 Significance of the researchThe outcome from this research will assist Malaysia government to formulate measures in time of economic turmoil due to oil price shocks which include fiscal and monetary policies. This will spur economic development and stabilizing inflation and unemployment station. On the other hand, this research helps management of companies in Malaysia to be sufficiently prepared for any recurrence of oil price crisis that will tinge heavily on the country economic. The companies would need to redirect their business personate in preparation for the economic crisis.Chapter 2 L iterature review2.1 IntroductionInflation influences the economic growth of a country including those developing, developed or so far underdeveloped country. High inflation tends to give negative perceptions on a country as it indicates increase in consumer products price and unemployment rate. We believe that oil price movement is the study cause of Malaysias inflation. Also, we are keen to discover whether corporeal following rate, real tack rate, and bills supply would cause more on inflation compared to oil price.2.2 Oil price and inflationDifferent researches on the oil price fluctuations had been conducted to discover its effect on certain country rescue performance. These findings contributed important decision making of macroeconomic variables which seek to cope with the hiking of petrol price. For instance, Hamilton (1983) lay out that there is significant correlation mingled with oil price movement and economic expansion. This is supported by Gisser and Goodwin (1 986) and also Brown and Yucel (2002), who identified that increase in oil price, will tend to retard economic growth. In addition, zestfulness et al. (2009) in recent research, found that oil price hike negatively decrease output and investment, while it increases inflation and saki rate in China. 1% increases of oil price is said to decrease the output by 0.38% 100% increases of oil price will increase 7.34% of Producer Price Index (PPI) in the very(prenominal) month and 11.33% in the following month (Tang et al. 2009). These findings supported our research question and objective on whether oil price hike is one of the major causes of inflation in Malaysia.In Malaysia, Saari et al. (2008) focused on the effect of local petroleum price on the cost production in agricultural and agro-based sectors. They found that if price of petroleum increases 90%, the cost of production for fishing, forestry and logging, and oil palm primary products industries would increase by 30%, 12% and 7 %. In our research, we right Saaris research by discussing several independent variables and its effects on overall cost of production.2.3 Other independent variables and inflationOther independent variables besides oil price may give high impact on Malaysias inflation. Turnovsky and Wohar (1984) found that the causality among cash supply and heart prices in US is earlier neutral from year 1929-1979. In Malaysia itself, empirical studies on inflation and money supply are relatively few. Masih and Masih (1998) discovered a unidirectional causality runs from money supply to inflation rate regardless of the lag structure. Recently, Tang (2004) re-investigated the causal birth and found that money supply leads aggregate price in Malaysia but there is no evidence showing direct causal effect runs from money supply to inflation over 1970-1998. The Fisher (1930) stated that nominal elicit rate should reflect movements in the expected rate of inflation. In his findings, there is no apparent relationship amid price change and interest rate in the short run. Correlation coefficient of -0.459 was obtained for British info and -0.289 for United State. This is supported by Lardic and Mirgon (2003) which convinced(p)ly validate Fisher effect on G7 countries for the period 1970-2001.Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework3.1 IntroductionWe are interested to investigate whether increase in oil price would actually cause inflation and if so, how much of this inflation is actually related back to rising of oil price Theoretically, an oil price increase is assumed to be related to causing inflation, most unremarkably among day-to-day items and activities such as transportation cost, food price, and other short term dealings. This research study is part of finding out the extent of inflation and hopefully to get a good estimation of how much relationship is there between a 10% rise in oil price contributing to inflation.Long term dealings should remain unaffected by short ter m price changes as it will require longer period of time for the inflation of price to kick in before its price increases. One such example would be college and school fees. In fact, a good representation of this theory that we could use would be the very recent 2007-2009 oil price hike which spark worldwide oil demand and price breathing out tremendously high yet pummeling to unbelievably low price per barrel. This has somehow contributed to how we came up with this idea for our research job as we are keen to chequer about rising oil price and its effect on inflation as a whole.3.2 VariablesTwo very important figures in this research project would be oil price and inflation. Oil price as the independent variable is a very volatile value to determine. We would be using global value in determining how much US Dollars/barrel for oil price, occasionally there might be some numbers in Ringgit Malaysia (RM) for local references especially the ballooning price hike for 2008 in Malaysia , but mostly would be converted into US Dollars/barrel to effectively study the effect of oil price versus inflation in a global scale.Y (inflation) = f (oil price, money supply, real interest rate and real fill in rate)Due to the record of the world economy and everything has a relationship with others, there is more than one independent variable besides oil price, including the total money supply in the market, the real transposition rate and the real interest rate. We will also study how each of these variables interact with inflation as well. Inflation would be the dependent variable in this research project. Inflation is calculated from the consumer price index (cost-of-living index) which comprises several categories (as shown in mesa 1).Table 3.1 Weights of the CPI by major categories in MalaysiaCategoriesWeights (%)Food and non-alcoholic beverages31.4Alcoholic beverages and tobacco1.9Clothing and footwear3.1Housing, water and electricity21.4Furnishings, household equipmen t and ordinary household maintenance4.3Health1.4Transportation15.9Communication5.1 sport services and culture4.6Education1.9Restaurants and hotels3.0Miscellaneous goods and services6.0Total100.0(Sources Department of Statistics Malaysia, 2010).3.3 ModelThe initial influence that was proposed is the Input-Output Price Model. It is proven in past researches that this model defines the relationship between oil price and inflation well enough. However, due to restricted resources and time as well as permission to accessible mystic data, there is only lead students could come up with. It is being suggested that we use a Regression Model towards our data for calculation purposes to support our findings in this research project. And we will only use past proven records of results from the Input-Output Model to verify theories that could come up in this research project.3.4 Expected directionIt is expected that oil price as well as the other independent variables such as money supply, e xchange rate and interest rate will exact some effect on inflation. An increase in oil price, money supply as well as interest rate is expected to positively affect inflation. While an increase in exchange rate however is expected to negatively affect the inflation rate.Y (inflation) = f (oil price, money supply, real interest rate and real exchange rate)(+) (+) (+) (+) (-)Chapter 4 Data and Methodology4.1 The dataThe data obtained is time-series data from year 2007-2009. Monthly data includes crude oil commodity prices that classified under world oil price. These data is extracted from the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and Bloomberg. In addition, monthly consumer price index (CPI) is obtained from the Department of Statistics Malaysia while the data of real exchange rate, real interest rate are taken from Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) Monthly Statistical Bulletin.4.2 Research methodologyValadkhani and Mitchell (2002) applied the input-output price model to assess the petroleum price shocks on inflation and household expenditures in Australia. Similarly, Saari et al. (2008) examined the impact of petroleum price on costs productions by disaggregating the components in the costs production into three categories fishing, forestry and logging, and oil palm primary products industries. In the other hand, Hamilton (1983) used seven-variable vector auto regressions (VAR) system to identify the impact of oil price shock on U.S economy in year 1948-1974. Similarly, Marcelo S. (2005) used identified vector autoregressions (IVAR) to analyse the interaction between interaction between exchange rate and cost production. Masih and Masih (1998) employed the Granger causality test, modified Sims causality test and vector error-correction modelling (VECM) approach to examine the causality direction between money supply and aggregate prices in the Southeast Asia economies For Malaysia, they found that all causality tests are consistently implied that m oney supply (M1 and M2) Granger causes increase aggregate prices. Lastly, Mitchell-Innes H. A. (2006) used the same method (VAR) and vector error correction model (VECM) to prove that inflation and long-term interest rate moved in the same direction.4.2.1 Hypothesis testingIn our research, quantitative research (regression model) is applied as a method of digest and interpretation of observation data in influence to discover the strength of relationships between independent variables (money supply, real interest rate, real exchange rate, and oil price) and dependent variable (inflation). This statistical method starts with the collection of data which will be implied in regression model to verify null-hypothesis testing. Causal relationships are analysed by manipulating the factors to influence the phenomena of interest. Following is the research hypothesisHo Oil price is not one of the major causes of inflation from year 2007-2009H1 Oil price is one of the major causes of inflati on from year 2007-20094.2.2 Regression abridgmentIn order to verify the hypothesis testing above, regression analysis is applied in estimating the unknown parameters 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 in the relationship, using the data on oil price, money supply, real interest rate, real exchange rate, and inflation rate.Y1 = 0 + 1X1 + 2X2 + 3X3 + 4X4 + where Y1 is the inflation rate X1 is the oil price X2 is the money supply (M1) X3 is the real interest rate X4 is the real exchange rate and is the variable representing all other factors that may have direct influence on inflation rate.In addition, coefficient of inclination is implied to identify the significance of independent variables (money supply, real interest rate, real exchange rate, and oil price) on dependent variable (inflation).R= (1/N)*(xi-x)*(yi-y)/(x*y)Results from the regression analysis and coefficient of determination test shall decide whether or not Null Hypothesis (Ho) will be accepted and reject Alternative Hypothesis (H1). Statistics, tables and graphs will be used to present the results of these methods.Chapter 5 Research findingsInitial AnalysisInitial findings are done based on the graph analysis to identify the relationship between dependent variable (CPI) and independent variables (oil price, money supply, real interest rate and real exchange rate). From the graph, we analysed and identified reasons of those variables fluctuations from year 2007-2009.Figure 5.1 kinship between CPI and Oil PriceFrom Figure 5.1, it can be observed that inflation has a steady rate of increase over the past three years while oil prices met with a steep increase and peaked at June 2008 before crashing low at December 2008. After that, the value of oil prices increases steadily again. a great deal of the fluctuation in the value of oil prices was caused mainly by human speculation and manipulation of the oil market where issues such as limited oil supply, on-going war, terrorism and the sub-prime financial crisis cau sed the price hike. Despite the high and low prices of oil per barrel around the world, inflation rate was not passing impacted.Figure 5.2 Relationship between CPI and notes egressFrom Figure 5.2, it can be observed as usual inflation rate steadily increasing over the years without much interference. However, money supply has been increasing as the gap between inflation and money supply is closing in together over the years. This could be mainly caused by the recent financial crisis which caused governments around the world to panic and quickly come up with programs to reduce the impact of the financial crisis which saw many going bankrupt.Programs are usually drawing up of hefty sums of cash to be spent by the government or distributed through ways as a mean to have people spend money to keep the economy of the country moving. Billions of dollars worth in bills and bonds are created and countries such as Australia and Singapore even had its government give out Christmas Bonus in cash to encourage their citizens to spend. There is also the usual routine of printing new money each year into the economy. All of these and more could have added up to the increasing rate of money supply into the economy.Figure 5.3 Relationship between CPI and Interest countFrom Figure 5.3, real inflation rate sees a steady increase as already mentioned however interest rates have a rather surprising pattern. This shock pattern can be observed at September 2007 when interest rates unawares spiked to almost double its usual rate from 3.60% to 6.61% in the difference of a month. There was not much effect on inflation rate but this could be due to time lag for it to have effect.Ironically, it was this same period that the sub-prime financial crisis really started to accumulate in a wider problematic scale. Much could be questioned on why did the interest rates spiked all of a sudden. Yet in the aftermath of the crisis, we are seeing a steady decline on interest rates around the wo rld. This is mainly because interest rates are being lowered now to help accelerate recover economies by providing cheaper access to funding. Typical, this low interest rate attraction was what started the bubble for this crisis in the first place back in the year 2001 right after the September 11 Attacks.Figure 5.4 Relationship between CPI and Exchange RateInflation rate is once again here, only seeing a slight peak when oil prices jumped over everyones expectations. There is not much to be said for inflation rate with exchange rate as they both(prenominal) seem to be almost a nice straight line on the graph. A closer look into Figure 5.4 however tells us that inflation rate has been increasing steadily over the years while on the other hand exchange rates have seen an increase and decrease over the years instead.Exchange rate has not seen much big movements. Reasons could be that exchange rates around the world are extra sensitive and its value will react accordingly with all ot her exchange rates to find its correct value thanks to rapid arbitragers. Another reason could be due to economies around the world encouraging lower exchange rates to increase trading among countries. This would help the weakened economies recover better.5.2 Empirical result and analysisTable 5.1 Mean and standard deviationMeanStd. DeviationNCPI109.7333.420636Oil Price69.7525.36836Money Supply888203.08871807.619636 concrete Interest Rate3.4600.6641036Real Exchange Rate3.428771.133273236From Table 5.1, the number of observation (N) represents sample size collected from year 2007-2009 (12 months x 3 years). Smaller sample size tends to increase variability of the distribution. N equals 36 which is larger than 30, hence the difference is negligible. We assumed that the distribution is prescript and represent the population.Table 5.2 Skewness and kurtosisNSumMeanSkewnessKurtosisStatisticStatisticStatisticStd. ErrorStatisticStd. ErrorStatisticStd. ErrorCPI363950.4109.733.5701-.116.393- 1.570.768Valid N (listwise)36From table 5.2, the skewness and kurtosis are -0.116 and -1.570. Negative skewness indicates that the distribution skews to the left. Meanwhile, negative kurtosis indicates that the distribution has shorter tail. Hence, we concluded that the data is not normal distributed and asymmetrical.Table 5.3 Variables coefficientsModelUnstandardized Coefficientsstandardized CoefficientstSig.95.0% Confidence Interval for BBStd. ErrorBetaLower BoundUpper Bound1(Constant)13.3259.1781.452.000-5.39232.043Oil Price.089.013.6646.812.000.063.116Money Supply3.911E-5.000.82111.267.000.000.000Real Interest Rate.445.369.0861.205.000.3081.197Real Exchange Rate-.716.509.6126.263.000-.898.834a. Dependent Variable CPIFrom Table 5.2, we can observe thatOil priceOil price has positive coefficient, indicating that this variable has positive relation with CPI.When oil price increases by USD1, the CPI will increase by 0.089% in one month on average, while other variables being constan t.The p-value for oil price is 0.00, which is smaller than the 5% level of significance used in the test.Money supplyMoney supply has positive sign of coefficient, indicates that this variable has positive relation with CPI.If the rate of money supply increases by MYR1, the CPI will increase by 3.911E-5% in one month on average, while other variables being constant.The p-value for money supply is 0.00, which is smaller than the 5% level of significance used in the test.Real interest rateReal interest rate has positive coefficient, showing positive relation with CPI.When interest rate increases by 1%, the CPI will tend to increase by 0.445% in one month on average, while other variables being constant.The p-value for exchange rate is 0.00, which is smaller than the 5% level of significance used in the test.Real exchange rateReal exchange rate has negative coefficient, indicating that this variable has negative relation with CPI.When exchange rate increases by 1%, CPI will decrease by 0.716% in one month on average while other variables being constant.The p-value for exchange rate is 0.00, which is smaller than the 5% level of significance used in the test.All independent variables have significant value (sig.) smaller than 0.05. This indicates that all variables represent large level of statistical significance in the model. Therefore, equation for the model would beCPI = 13.325 + 0.089 Oil Price + 3.911E-5 Money Supply + 0.445 Real Interest Rate 0.716 Real Exchange RateTable 5.4 Adjusted R squareModelRR SquareAdjusted R SquareStd. Error of the Estimate1.951a.904.8911.1281a. Predictors (Constant) Oil Price, Money Supply, Interest Rate, Exchange RateFrom Table 5.3, adjust R square is 0.891, indicating that all variables (oil price, money supply, interest rate, exchange rate) explain 89.1% of the variation in CPI. There is a strong positive correlation between the independent variables and dependent variable. Hence, it is considered that the variables fit close into the model and are more likely to predict CPIs movement.Coefficient of Variation (CoV) is calculated to evaluate models goodness of fit. From Table5.3, the standard error of the estimate is 1.1281. From Table 5.1, the mean CPI is 109.733. The calculation of CoV is as followCoefficient of Variation = (SE)/ (Mean Price) x 100%= 1.1281/ 109.733 x 100%= 1.028%The coefficient of variation of 1.028% indicates that the average forecast error is 1.028% of average CPI. The model is considered as good model as its CoV is lesser than 5%.Table 5.5 ANOVAbModelSum of SquaresdfMean SquareFSig.1Regression370.069492.51772.699.000a sleep39.451311.273Total409.52035a. Predictors (Constant), Exchange Rate, Interest Rate, Money Supply, Oil Priceb. Dependent Variable CPIHypothesisHo Oil price is not the major cause of Malaysia inflation from year 2007-2009H1 Oil price is one of the major causes of Malaysia inflation form year 2007-2009From Table 5.4, the significance value is 0.00 which is smaller th an the level of the significance (0.05). Therefore, the null hypothesis (Ho) will be rejected. Oil price is considered as the major cause of Malaysia inflation from year 2007-2009.Table 5.6 Correlation between CPI, oil price, money supply, interest rate, and exchangerate.CPIOil PriceMoney SupplyInterest RateExchange RatePearson CorrelationCPI1.000.145.857.400-.226Oil Price.1451.000-.052.188-.803Money Supply.857-.0521.000-.601.200Interest Rate.400.188-.6011.000-.193Exchange Rate-.226-.803.200-.1931.000Sig. (1-tailed)CPI..199.000.008.092Oil Price.199..381.136.000Money Supply.000.381..000.122Interest Rate.008.136.000..130Exchange Rate.092.000.122.130.NCPI3636363636Oil Price3636363636Money Supply3636363636Interest Rate3636363636Exchange Rate3636363636From table 5.5, it can be observed thatCorrelation between CPI and oil price is 0.145, indicating positive relationship between both variables.Correlation between CPI and money supply is 0.857, indicating positive relationship between both variables.Correlation between CPI and interest rate is 0.400, indicating positive relationship between both variables.Correlation between CPI and exchange rate is -0.226, indicating negative relationship between both variables.The largest Pearson Correlation coefficient is to be found between CPI and money supply, which is 0.857.The Squared Correlation figure of 0.735 (0.857) is smaller compared to the adjusted R of equation model, which is 0.891. Thus, the correlation between CPI and money supply does not show any signs of collinearity problem with the model.Since the biggest available coefficient between pairs of independent variables is not a problem, hence the equation model does not have multi-collinearity problem.5.3 DiscussionFrom the result, it is proven that oil price does influence the inflation fluctuations. Oil price has positive relationship with CPI at 5% level. USD1 increase in oil price tends to increase 0.089% of CPI. Oil price influences most of the cost of goods a nd services in the market including cost of production and transportation. As a developing industrial country, Malaysia relies heavily on the import of crude oil as source of energy. authoritative increase of oil price tends to cause hyperinflation and therefore effect the development of the country.The results show that other variables such as interest rate, money supply and exchange rate do influence the inflation rate as well. From the analysis, money supply has strong positive relationship with Malaysia CPI between years 2007-2009. Hawtrey (1923) stated that the public holds undue proportion of cash balances with respect to their income when money supply increases. Hence, they tend to increase the level of spending. This is proven by the Quantity Theory of Money. When essence of money in economy increases faster than the growth in the level of future output, this will increase the market price level and therefor

Wetlands :: essays research papers

Soil and land managment Soil and Land Management The soil triplicity is graph that helps the person determine the type of soil they atomic number 18testing. This type of graph being a triangle has three sides. The first side, or skilful side is the percent of silt found inthe soil sample. The second side, or the bottom is the percent of sand found in the soil sample. The ternary side, orthe right side is the percent of clay found in the soil sample. You read the graph from right to left being silt, sand,to clay. There are twelve different classes of soil. The classes are sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, loam, silt loam,silt, sandy clay loam, clay loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and clay. The particle coat analysis we did Ithought was very confusing, and unnecessary. The view of the soil underneath the microscope wasnt very muchdifferent from the view without it, or at least I couldnt tell much difference. The two millimeter mark on the paperwas also very confusing. I had no idea of what I was doing during the particle size analysis. The mechanical soilanalysis was much more to my liking. I understood the whole process and loved the project we did with it. Fromthe begging when we went external to collect the soil samples to when we were finished waiting the 24 hours forthe water and soil particles to settle. After we mixed the right amount of dirt and water into the sample subway system wehad made two recordings of the percent of sand, silt, and clay. After that we took the readings over to the soiltriangle to determine the type of soil that we had collected. The way soil is formed is not altogether that complicated.First soil begins as a rock and then is broken dependent upon the weathering factors. Soil types are based uponthe type of rock from which they are made. waver particles are further broken into various smaller sizes of rocksand minerals, then small floras such as lichens and mosses begin to grow on the rock surfaces. Dead plantma terials or organic matter are mixed with rock fragments, and as more organic matter is formed, larger plantforms such as ferns, grasses, and shrubs expunge root. After that process bacteria and fungi break down the organicmatter into simpler nutrients that are released into the soil, further aiding plant growth. The downside to this is that

Clinical Psychology Essay -- Scientific Research, Qualitative Research

Clinical psychology aims to reduce psychological distress and to enhance and promote psychological well-being by the organized application of knowledge derived from psychological theory and info (British Psychological Society Division of Clinical Psychology, 2001). To this end clinical psychology has distinguished itself from other back up professions by an enduring reliance on its foundation of scientific research.Within scientific research there is always a strong debate mingled with those that prefer quantitative methods and those who prefer qualitative ones. proponents of quantitative methods have built the standards in experimental research and in researches performed on a large physique of subjects and which use sampling criteria and statistical analysis techniques. On the other side, the qualitative method uses procedures of qualitative nature both at the level of collecting the data as well as the level of analyzing them (Tagliapietra, Trifan, Raineri & Lis, 2009). The g athering data procedures include interviews, group discussions, observations, journals while the analysis procedures include coding, categorizations and systematic confrontation between the categories and their dimensions. such research is often defined as an explorative one, opposite to classical scientific research aiming to confirm / disconfirm initial hypothesis. Among the qualitative methods used in the scientific research we can list Focus Group, Speech Analysis, Conversation Analysis, Grounded Theory and Phenomenological Interpretative Analysis (Tagliapietra, Trifan, Raineri & Lis, 2009). This tension between an emphasis on a confident(p) science base and an emphasis on therapy and professional issues runs through many debates in clinical psy... ...s to use, qualitative methods in drug evaluation can enlarge the likelihood of discovering new kinds of information about the experiences of patients and those who care for them. In summary, quantitative research method as a re search tool has an several donation in the field of clinical psychology. Opportunities are unlimited in rehabilitation to describe and interpret phenomena via qualitative study. The qualitative research method is needed in addition to or concurrently with the quantitative perspective in improving the practices of clinical psychology. Using qualitative methods in clinical practices has several advantages compared to the quantitative methods. besides qualitative method as a research tool has been proven by different researchers that it contributes in development of new theories and new treatment approaches in clinical psychology.

Susan Glaspells Trifles - The Loyalty of Mrs. Hale :: Trifles Essays

The Loyalty of Mrs. storm in Trifles   The major idea I want to write about has to do with the way Mrs. Hale stands behind Mrs. Wright even though it seems like everyone else especially (the men) would rather lock her up and throw off the key. We see this right away when she gets on the County Attorney for putting down Mrs. Wrights house keeping. I find this to be wonderfully exemplary in that most women of this time usually allowed the men to say whatever they wanted about their sex, never standing up for themselves or each other You notice this to be so because Mrs. Peters is try against what she is hearing the men say versus what she feels herself. When Mrs. Hale tells Mrs. Peters that she would hate for the men to be in her kitchen snooping around and criticizing, Mrs. Peters responds by saying Of course its no to a greater extent than their duty. This reflects to me a lady who has been so brain washed by the manly view of her time that she cant even see the mere (a) feelings that women feel for and between each other. We then come to the part where the ladies are talking about Mrs. Peters interactions with the other women in town. Mrs. Hale express she was not part of the Ladies Aid (which seemed like the thing for the women to do in that town), she dressed shabbily which she never did before becoming Mr. Wrights wife. Mrs. Hale as well clearly states that she does not believe that Mrs. Wright killed her husband whereas Mrs. Peters is struggling with this, saying that the Attorney thinks it looks bad because she did not wake up when her husband was being killed in freighter right beside her. Mrs. Hale takes the view I would by saying dont blame her because obviously he didnt wake up all or maybe he would be alive or at least maybe he could have awakened her in his struggle. Another symbolic part of the play is when the men overhear the women talking about Mrs. Wrights quilt, wondering if she was going to quilt it or knot it, and they laugh at them. Mrs. Hale is immediately offended by the way they laughed at them where Mrs. Peters is apologizing for them because they have a lot on their minds.

Great Expectations - The Growth of Pip in Society Essay examples -- Gr

Great Expectations - The Growth of collide with in Society When Joe visits bit in London, he inhabits with him at Mr. Jaggershouse. photograph says that he had little objection to his being seen byHerbert or his father, unless he had the sharpest sensitiveness to hisbeing seen by Drummle (218). This shows that after time had pastwithout Joe, finish up has become self conscious of him and does not wanthis friends to meet him, shitless that they might retrieve less of him.Since Pip has made such good friends with everyone in his quest tobecoming a gentleman, he is afraid of what they might think of himafter meeting Joe. After Herbert leaves for the city, Pip gives Joelessons on good manners and how to act properly around gentlemen soJoe would not embarrass him so much. When Joe left, he mentioned toPip that he was going to adjustment and that he will never be seen in theclothes that he is wearing It isnt that I am elevated but I want to beright as you will never see me no mor e in these clothes (223).Because of Joes sudden kind in attitude, Pip perceives Joes solid silver dollar and moral depth so he regrets his attitude toward him. AfterPip realizes that he was rail at near Joe, he goes back to his originalviews of Joe which stay right through to the end of the saucy.Mrs. Joe has a distinctly different impact on Pip which mostly guide toPips shyness and cowardliness throughout his childhood. Since, Pipsp bents and atomic number 23 brothers died, Mrs. Joe felt the need to raise Pip ina strict household. Because of these strict rules implied by hissister, Pip was perpetually afraid when he was late or did something wrongsince his sister would yell at him or punish him when he got homeConsequently, I said as little as I could and I... ...ip is introduced to some youthful peoplewho all think that Pip is wonderful. They are everlastingly flattering himand commenting on his job. Pip pronto becomes popular so he is alwayswanted for a number of thin gs such as dinners or sleep overs. All theattention that Pip gets from his new found friends helps to boost hisself observe to a level that he has never experienced before. From thetime he arrives in London to the time the novel is finished, Pip is achanged person and his family and peers are proud of him.Throughout Great Expectations, the growth of Pip in a society becomesmore significant in each of the three stages. As Pip matures into agentleman he learns many things about himself as well as how strong heis as a person. Instead of his critics leading the wrong direction,they helped Pip to discover his morals and led him to a successfulfuture. Great Expectations - The Growth of Pip in Society Essay examples -- GrGreat Expectations - The Growth of Pip in Society When Joe visits Pip in London, he stays with him at Mr. Jaggershouse. Pip says that he had little objection to his being seen byHerbert or his father, but he had the sharpest sensitiveness to hisbeing seen by Drummle (218). This shows that after time had pastwithout Joe, Pip has become self conscious of him and does not wanthis friends to meet him, afraid that they might think less of him.Since Pip has made such good friends with everyone in his quest tobecoming a gentleman, he is afraid of what they might think of himafter meeting Joe. After Herbert leaves for the city, Pip gives Joelessons on good manners and how to act properly around gentlemen soJoe would not embarrass him so much. When Joe left, he mentioned toPip that he was going to change and that he will never be seen in theclothes that he is wearing It isnt that I am proud but I want to beright as you will never see me no more in these clothes (223).Because of Joes sudden change in attitude, Pip perceives Joes solidhonesty and moral depth so he regrets his attitude toward him. AfterPip realizes that he was wrong about Joe, he goes back to his originalviews of Joe which stay right through to the end of the novel.Mrs. Joe has a distinctly different impact on Pip which mostly led toPips shyness and cowardliness throughout his childhood. Since, Pipsparents and five brothers died, Mrs. Joe felt the need to raise Pip ina strict household. Because of these strict rules implied by hissister, Pip was always afraid when he was late or did something wrongsince his sister would yell at him or punish him when he got homeConsequently, I said as little as I could and I... ...ip is introduced to many new peoplewho all think that Pip is wonderful. They are always flattering himand commenting on his job. Pip quickly becomes popular so he is alwayswanted for a number of things such as dinners or sleep overs. All theattention that Pip gets from his new found friends helps to boost hisself esteem to a level that he has never experienced before. From thetime he arrives in London to the time the novel is finished, Pip is achanged person and his family and peers are proud of him.Throughout Great Expectations, the growth of P ip in a society becomesmore significant in each of the three stages. As Pip matures into agentleman he learns many things about himself as well as how strong heis as a person. Instead of his critics leading the wrong direction,they helped Pip to discover his morals and led him to a successfulfuture.

bible women :: essays research papers

RebekahThe values in genesis be disobeyed by yet another(prenominal) woman who does not conform to the female model of a fertile mother. While fertility is an overriding value in theologys compassionate construct that women in Genesis threaten to undermine women also obstruct the natural course of history which god has set in motion as part of his ideal world. After god reconstructs the world through Noah and then Abraham, the divine element withdraws from the world slightly, and a natural historical course begins to race out through the momentum that god has initiated. The incident in Genesis in which a woman interferes with this momentum involves Rebekah, who intervenes on behalf of her second born son, Jacob. As a result of Rebekahs manipulative orders, Jacob, the younger son, inherits the divine blessing from Isaac, though it is clear from the text that Jacobs brother, Esau, had been Isaacs favored child. Rebekahs legal actions are rebellious because they result in the vio lation of the law of primogeniture that seems to have been the standard practice of inheritance in the book of Genesis. And by reassigning the inheritance, Rebekah threatens to destroy the course of events god has anticipated en route to the creation of his select nation. While the text shows that Rebekah had received a prophecy that the older would serve the younger (2523), whenever women in Genesis take assertive actions that ramifications, conflict always ensues. Just because Rebekah received a prophecy, there is no indication that she was in any position to actively hear its fulfillment. Jacob, as a result of his mothers initiative, is forced to flee his home for fear that Esau will kill him. The hate between the brothers endures, and just as Saras infertility caused family conflict, Rebekahs actions likewise cause disruption in the house of Isaac and its descendents. Unlike the instances where the men in genesis take the fate of their familys lives into their own hands under o pen direction from god, the rare occasions when women, such as Rebekah, take aggressive action, the result is battles and feuds. As in the baptismal font of infertility, a womens inheritance with the divine scheme can be seen as a multiple threat to the thematic framework of Genesis. Rebekah takes assertive, independent action with regard to her familys development, and this action clearly crosses over the rigid boundaries of the prescribed female role.